ArticleJournal of global health2019
A cross-sectional survey of practices and knowledge among antibiotic retailers in Nairobi, Kenya.
Article in Journal of global health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Primary health care roles of community pharmacists in low- and middle-income countries: a mixed methods systematic review.BMC health services research · 2025Pooled it
- Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the livestock, humans and environmental samples around the globe: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Antimicrobial use and resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter species from small-scale poultry farms in Central Kenya.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Assessing antimicrobial resistance inclusion in pre-service pharmacy training curricula of five selected sub-Saharan African universities: challenges and opportunities.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Veterinary antimicrobial use legislation: A comparative policy analysis of Kenya and Denmark.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Knowledge, attitudes and practices survey on antimicrobial resistance and stewardship among pharmacy healthcare workers in 28 African countries.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Analysis of antibiotic use, biosecurity and mortality in semi-intensive broiler farms in Kenya.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Veterinary Prescriptions of Antibiotics Approved for Human Use: A Five-Year Analysis of Companion Animal Use and Regulatory Gaps in Brazil.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Context-Seq: CRISPR-Cas9 targeted nanopore sequencing for transmission dynamics of antimicrobial resistance.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Analysis of antibiotic use and access to drugs among poultry farmers in Kenya.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Context-Seq: CRISPR-Cas9 Targeted Nanopore Sequencing for Transmission Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Status and implications of the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards AWaRe antibiotic use, resistance and stewardship among low- and middle-income countries.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Review
- Treatment strategies and antibiotic usage practices in mastitis management in Kenyan smallholder dairy farms.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Development of an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Tool for Monitoring of Antimicrobial Use, Animal Disease and Treatment Outcome in Low-Income Countries.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, Motivations, Expectations, and Systemic Factors Regarding Antimicrobial Use Amongst Community Members Seeking Care at the Primary Healthcare Level: A Scoping Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Evaluating methods to explore antibiotic use on smallholding pig farms in peri-urban Kenya.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Antibiotic ecotoxicity and resistance risks in resource-constrained chicken and pig farming environments.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2024Article
- Azithromycin Resistance Patterns in Escherichia coli and Shigella before and after COVID-19, Kenya.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Antibiotic prescribing practices in community and clinical settings during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nairobi, Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) driven by antibiotic consumption is a growing global health threat. However, data on antimicrobial consumption patterns in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is sparse. Here, we investigate the patterns of antibiotic sales in humans and livestock in urban Nairobi, Kenya, and evaluate the level of awareness and common behaviours related to antibiotic use and AMR amongst human and veterinary pharmacists.
methodsA total of 40 human and 19 veterinary drug store pharmacists were interviewed in Nairobi in 2018 using a standard questionnaire. Data recorded included demographic variables, types of antibiotics sold, antibiotic customers, antibiotic prescribing practices and knowledge of antibiotic use and AMR.
resultsOur study shows that at the retail level, there is a considerable overlap between antibiotic classes (10/15) sold for use in both human and veterinary medicine. Whilst in our study, clinical training significantly influenced knowledge on issues related to antibiotic use and AMR and respondents had a relatively adequate level of knowledge about AMR, several inappropriate prescribing practices were identified. For example, we found that most veterinary and human drug stores (100% and 52% respectively) sold antibiotics without a prescription and noted that customer preference was an important factor when prescribing antibiotics in half of the drug stores.
conclusionAlthough more research is needed to understand the drivers of antibiotic consumption in both human and animal populations, these findings highlight the need for immediate strategies to improve prescribing practices across the pharmacists in Nairobi and by extension other low- and middle-income country settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.