ArticleF1000Research2019
A refinement to the formalin test in mice.
Article in F1000Research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Novel 3-Methoxypropanamide Derivatives as Potential Antiseizure and Antinociceptive Agents: Experimental Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Unveiling the anti-inflammatory activity of chloroform fraction of curcuma wallichii and its phytoconstituents by in vivo and in silico studies.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Development of a reliable mouse model for caudal epidural anesthesia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Antinociceptive effect of Arvelexin in male mouse models.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Synthesis and evaluation of isoquinolinyl and pyridinyl-based dual inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase and soluble epoxide hydrolase to alleviate orofacial hyperalgesia in the rat.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Structure-activity relationship studies and pharmacological evaluation of 4-phenylthiazoles as dual soluble epoxide hydrolase/fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Preclinical Animal Models to Investigate the Role of NaLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Discovery of Novel NaResearch (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Anti-Inflammatory, Antinociceptive, and Antipyretic Potential of Methanol Extract ofInternational journal of inflammation · 2025Article
- Article
- Discovery of New 3-(Benzo[Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Advancing Pain Understanding and Drug Discovery: Insights from Preclinical Models and Recent Research Findings.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- A Novel Antigen Design Strategy to Isolate Single-Domain Antibodies that Target Human Nav1.7 and Reduce Pain in Animal Models.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- In vivo imaging of cathepsin B in activated glia in the brain after orofacial formalin test.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- 4-Phenyl-thiazole-based dual inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase and soluble epoxide hydrolase do not alleviate orofacial inflammatory pain in female rats.BBA advances · 2024Article
- Segmental Upregulation of ASIC1 Channels in the Formalin Acute Pain Mouse Model.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Mechanisms Underlining Inflammatory Pain Sensitivity in Mice Selected for High and Low Stress-Induced Analgesia-The Role of Endocannabinoids and Microglia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Bioflavonoid exerts analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects via transient receptor potential 1 channel in a rat model.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2022Article
- Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and acute oral toxicity profile of leaf and bark extracts of Albizia procera.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2022Article
- Mitochondria and sensory processing in inflammatory and neuropathic pain.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The constant refinement of tests used in animal research is crucial for the scientific community. This is particularly true for the field of pain research, where ethical standards are notably sensitive. The formalin test is widely used in pain research and some of its mechanisms resemble those underlying clinical pain in humans. Immediately upon injection, formalin triggers two waves (an early and a late phase) of strong, nociceptive behaviour, characterised by licking, biting, lifting and shaking the injected paw of the animal. Although well characterised at the behaviour level, since its proposal over four decades ago, there has not been any significant refinement to the formalin test, especially those combining minimisation of animal distress and preservation of behavioural outcomes of the test. Here, we propose a modified and improved method for the formalin test. We show that anaesthetising the animal with the inhalable anaesthetic sevoflurane at the time of the injection can produce reliable, robust and reproducible results whilst animal distress during the initial phase is reduced. Importantly, our results were validated by pharmacological suppression of the behaviour during the late phase of the test with gabapentin, the anaesthetic showing no interference with the drug. In addition, we demonstrate that this is also a useful method to screen for changes in pain behaviour in response to formalin in transgenic lines.
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