ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2019
The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia.
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Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 317 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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317citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
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317 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
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- Ancient DNA Reveals Limited Hunter-Gatherer Ancestry in the Cerny Culture (Middle Neolithic, France) Despite Hunting-Associated Practices.American journal of biological anthropology · 2026Article
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- Scalable high resolution ancestry deconvolution for genomic data.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Ancient genomes from Ladakh reveal 2800-year-old admixture between Tibetans and South Asians.Science advances · 2026Article
- Ancestry, admixture, and pathogens in contemporaneous Neolithic farmers and foragers on the Island of Gotland.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Layers in the sand: The genetic imprint of migration, culture, and Indus craft in the Thar Desert.HGG advances · 2026Article
- Large-Scale Genomics Reveals Three-Source Ancestry and Layered Adaptation to High Altitude in Tibetan Chickens.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Selection-guided discovery in South Asians implicates the MAPT locus in insulin resistance.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Geographic boundary for the Asian-type DEL in south Asia.iScience · 2026Article
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257 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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117 authors.
Vagheesh M NarasimhanDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. vagheesh@mail.harvard.edu nickp@broadinstitute.org frachetti@wustl.edu ron.pinhasi@univie.ac.at reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-8651-8844
Nick PattersonBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. vagheesh@mail.harvard.edu nickp@broadinstitute.org frachetti@wustl.edu ron.pinhasi@univie.ac.at reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-0302-684X
Priya MoorjaniDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Nadin RohlandDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Rebecca BernardosDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4625-3727
Swapan MallickDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4531-4439
Iosif LazaridisDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Nathan NakatsukaDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5091-4914
Iñigo OlaldeDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Mark LipsonDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5346-9329
Alexander M KimDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5894-8062
Luca M OlivieriISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0003-0484-7332
Alfredo CoppaDepartment of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy.
Massimo VidaleISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-0543-6511
James MallorySchool of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
Vyacheslav MoiseyevPeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
Egor KitovCenter of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-0159-3288
Janet MongeUniversity of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4364-6296
Nicole AdamskiDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2268-1359
Neel AlexDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Nasreen BroomandkhoshbachtDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5350-1608
Francesca CandilioEarth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-4668-1361
Kimberly CallanDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3170-8514
Olivia CheronetEarth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0001-6760-1204
Brendan J CulletonInstitutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Matthew FerryDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7319-0085
Daniel FernandesEarth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-7434-6552
Suzanne FreilichDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.ORCID 0000-0003-0472-6311
Beatriz GamarraEarth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0003-3764-497X
Daniel GaudioEarth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-2009-1574
Mateja HajdinjakMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
Éadaoin HarneyDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Thomas K HarperDepartment of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Denise KeatingEarth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
Ann Marie LawsonDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0990-2329
Matthew MahDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8987-6436
Kirsten MandlDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.ORCID 0000-0002-2078-0775
Megan MichelDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Mario NovakEarth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-4567-8742
Jonas OppenheimerDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7973-6173
Niraj RaiCSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
Kendra SirakDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Viviane SlonMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-6485-7159
Kristin StewardsonDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Fatma ZalzalaDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8981-1277
Zhao ZhangDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7562-7559
Gaziz AkhatovA.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.
Anatoly N BagashevTyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia.ORCID 0000-0003-2420-6276
Alessandra BagneraISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0001-8717-7738
Bauryzhan BaitanayevA.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.ORCID 0000-0002-2013-0473
Julio Bendezu-SarmientoCNRS-EXT500, Directeur de la Delegation Archaologique Francaise en Afghanistan (DAFA), Embassy of France in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Arman A BissembaevA.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.
Gian Luca BonoraArchaeology of Asia Department, ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Rome RM00186, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-5170-206X
Temirlan T ChargynovKyrgyz National University, 720033 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
Tatiana ChikishevaInstitute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.ORCID 0000-0003-1985-1369
Petr K DashkovskiyDepartment of Political History, National and State-Confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia.
Anatoly DereviankoInstitute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.ORCID 0000-0003-1156-8331
Miroslav DobešInstitute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 118 01, Czech Republic.
Katerina DoukaDepartment of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
Nadezhda DubovaCenter of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-4340-1037
Meiram N DuisengaliAktobe Regional Historical Museum, Aktobe 030006, Kazakhstan.
Dmitry EnshinTyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia.
Andrey EpimakhovInstitute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch RAS, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-0141-1026
Alexey V FribusDepartment of Archaeology, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia.ORCID 0000-0003-3208-0319
Dorian FullerInstitute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-4859-080X
Alexander GoryachevTyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia.
Andrey GromovPeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-3263-3801
Sergey P GrushinDepartment of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-5404-6632
Bryan HanksDepartment of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9740-8162
Margaret JuddDepartment of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7409-5597
Erlan KazizovA.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.ORCID 0000-0002-8301-1287
Aleksander KhokhlovSamara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia.ORCID 0000-0003-0442-9616
Aleksander P KryginWest Kazakhstan Regional Center for History and Archaeology, Uralsk 090000, Kazakhstan.
Elena KupriyanovaScientific and Educational Center of Study on the Problem of Nature and Man, Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk 454021, Russia.
Pavel KuznetsovSamara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-4898-5350
Donata LuiselliDepartment of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2105-2478
Farhod MaksudovInstitute for Archaeological Research, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Samarkand 140151, Uzbekistan.ORCID 0000-0002-8492-0634
Aslan M MamedovCenter for Research, Restoration and Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage of Aktobe Region, Aktobe 030007, Kazakhstan.
Talgat B MamirovA.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.
Christopher MeiklejohnDepartment of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
Deborah C MerrettDepartment of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-9539-7271
Roberto MicheliISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan.
Oleg MochalovSamara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia.
Samariddin MustafokulovInstitute for Archaeological Research, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Samarkand 140151, Uzbekistan.ORCID 0000-0002-1700-2497
Ayushi NayakDepartment of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
Davide PettenerDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-1068-2466
Richard PottsHuman Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6008-0100
Dmitry RazhevTyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia.
Marina RykunNational Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
Stefania SarnoDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
Tatyana M SavenkovaF. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia.
Kulyan SikhymbaevaCentral State Museum Republic of Kazakhstan, Samal-1 Microdistrict, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.ORCID 0000-0003-0340-2622
Sergey M SlepchenkoTyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia.
Oroz A SoltobaevKyrgyz National University, 720033 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.ORCID 0000-0003-0554-2485
Nadezhda StepanovaInstitute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.ORCID 0000-0003-4017-5641
Svetlana SvyatkoPeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
Kubatbek TabaldievKyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.ORCID 0000-0002-6679-8030
Maria Teschler-NicolaDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Alexey A TishkinDepartment of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, The Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies in Archaeology of Western Siberia and Altai, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-7769-136X
Vitaly V TkachevInstitute of Steppe, Ural Branch RAS, Orenburg 460000, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-6355-1745
Sergey VasilyevCenter of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.ORCID 0000-0003-0128-6568
Petr VelemínskýDepartment of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague 115 79, Czech Republic.ORCID 0000-0003-3691-7817
Dmitriy VoyakinA.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.
Antonina YermolayevaA.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.ORCID 0000-0003-0354-0304
Muhammad ZahirDepartment of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
Valery S ZubkovN.F. Katanov Khakassia State University, Abakan 655017, Russia.
Alisa ZubovaPeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
Vasant S ShindeDepartment of Archaeology, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune 411006, India.
Carles Lalueza-FoxInstitute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-1730-5914
Matthias MeyerMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-4760-558X
David AnthonyAnthropology Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9122-0313
Nicole BoivinDepartment of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
Kumarasamy ThangarajCSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.ORCID 0000-0002-0075-0106
Douglas J KennettInstitutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Michael FrachettiDepartment of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63112, USA. vagheesh@mail.harvard.edu nickp@broadinstitute.org frachetti@wustl.edu ron.pinhasi@univie.ac.at reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-6906-4334
Ron PinhasiEarth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. vagheesh@mail.harvard.edu nickp@broadinstitute.org frachetti@wustl.edu ron.pinhasi@univie.ac.at reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-1629-8131
David ReichDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. vagheesh@mail.harvard.edu nickp@broadinstitute.org frachetti@wustl.edu ron.pinhasi@univie.ac.at reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-7037-5292
Funding
Medical Scientist Training ProgramT32GM007753 · NIGMS · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) · PI WALENSKY, LOREN DAVID · 1985 to 2021
$50.0MPopulation mixture in evolutionary and medical geneticsR01GM100233 · NIGMS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI PATTERSON, NICK J, REICH, DAVID E · 2012 to 2019
$2.7MHoward Hughes Medical InstituteNIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM100233NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007753
Abstract
By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization's decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.
Indexed as
Asia, CentralAsian PeopleAsia, SoutheasternFarmsGene FlowHistory, AncientHuman MigrationHumansIranPopulationSequence Analysis, DNA
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