ArticleBMJ open2019
Assessment of cardiovascular risk in a slum population in Kenya: use of World Health Organisation/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) risk prediction charts - secondary analyses of a household survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiovascular disease mortality based on verbal autopsy in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2023Pooled it
- Global prevalence and trends in hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus among slum residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2022Pooled it
- Cardiovascular disease risk estimation among slums residents of Lucknow using QRISK3 calculator.Journal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
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- Sodium, potassium food intake and global cardiovascular risks in Togo.Journal of public health in Africa · 2023Article
- Inequalities in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Brazilian slum populations: A cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Geographic and Sociodemographic Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk in Burkina Faso: Findings from a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2021Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension in Kenya: a decomposition analysis of 2015 Kenya STEPwise survey on non-communicable diseases risk factors.International journal for equity in health · 2020Article
- COVID-19 and Slums: A Pandemic Highlights Gaps in Knowledge About Urban Poverty.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesAlthough cardiovascular disease (CVD) is of growing importance in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there are conflicting views regarding CVD as a major public health problem for the urban poor, including those living in slums. We examine multivariable risk prediction in a slum population and assess the number of cardiovascular related deaths within 10 years of application of the tool.
settingWe use data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) population (residents of two slum communities) between May 2008 and April 2009.
designThis is a secondary data analysis from a cross-sectional survey. We use the WHO/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) cardiovascular risk prediction tool to examine 10-year risk of major CVD events in a slum population. CVD deaths in the cohort, reported up until June 2018 and identified through verbal autopsy are also presented.
participants3063 men and women aged over 40 years with complete data for variables needed for the WHO/ISH risk prediction tool were eligible to take part.
resultsThe majority of study members (2895, 94.5%) were predicted to have 'low' risk (<10%) of a cardiovascular event over the next 10 years and just 51 (1.7%) to have 'high' CVD risk (≥20%). 91 CVD deaths were reported for the cohort up until June 2018. Of individuals classified as low risk, 74 (2.6%) were identified as having died of CVD. Nine (7.7%) individuals classified at 10% to 20% risk and eight (15.9%) classified at >20% were identified as dying of CVD.
conclusionsThis study shows that there is a low risk profile of CVD in this slum population in Nairobi, Kenya, in comparison to results from application of multivariable risk prediction tools in other LMIC populations. This has implications for health service planning in these contexts.
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