ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2019
Utilisation, equity and determinants of full antenatal care in India: analysis from the National Family Health Survey 4.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Inequity in uptake of maternal health care services in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Global burden of early pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus (eGDM): A systematic review.Acta diabetologica · 2022Pooled it
- A Review of the National Family Health Survey Data in Addressing India's Maternal Health Situation.Public health reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Quality of antenatal care provision in rural villages of Satna district, Madhya Pradesh, India: a quantitative formative study to help the development of an evidence-based contextualized complex health intervention of the CHAMPION2 cluster randomized trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Trial
- User acceptability and perceived impact of a mobile interactive education and support group intervention to improve postnatal health care in northern India: a qualitative study.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2025Trial
- Non-adherence to iron and folic acid consumption among Indian pregnant women: evidences from national family health survey-5 data (2019-21).BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Antenatal care in Meghalaya - An Uphill Battle: A Community-based Study of Drivers and Barriers of Antenatal Care Utilization.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2026Article
- Relationship between gestational diabetes and term infant hearing outcomes: a cross-sectional data linkage study.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Spatial inequalities in quality antenatal care in India: a district-level analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Bridging data gaps in pregnancy outcomes: a four-year review of gestational Age records and delivery trends in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- Reproductive health seeking behaviour and its determinants in Indian women-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- Article
- Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Infection among Children Under 5 Years in India: Results from 2019 to 2021 National Family Health Survey.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2025Article
- Optimizing Maternal Healthcare Access: A Mixed Method Study on Dual Utilization of Public and Private Antenatal Care Services in Puducherry, India.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2025Article
- Assessment of antenatal care received and its association with different factors among the postnatal mothers: A cross-sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Maternal health education and social support needs across the perinatal continuum of care: a thematic analysis of interviews with postpartum women in Punjab, India.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Preliminary Effectiveness of a Postnatal mHealth and Virtual Social Support Intervention on Newborn and Infant Health and Feeding Practices in Punjab, India: Quasi-Experimental Pre-Post Pilot Study.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2025Article
- Article
- Utilization rate and associated factors of ANC care services among Santhal tribe women of Jharkhand, India-A cross-sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Inequality in Utilization of Maternal Healthcare Services in Low‑ and Middle‑Income Countries: A Scoping Review of the Literature.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe examined the utilisation, equity and determinants of full antenatal care (ANC), defined as 4 or more antenatal visits, at least one tetanus toxoid (TT) injection and consumption of iron folic acid (IFA) for a minimum of 100 days, in India.
methodsWe analysed a sample of 190,898 women from India's National Family Health Survey 4. Concentration curves and concentration index were used to assess equity in full ANC utilisation. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the factors associated with full ANC utilisation.
resultsIn India, 21% of pregnant women utilised full ANC, ranging from 2.3-65.9% across states. Overall, 51.6% had 4 or more ANC visits, 30.8% consumed IFA for atleast 100 days, and 91.1% had one or more doses of tetanus toxoid. Full ANC utilisation was inequitable across place of residence, caste and maternal education. Registration of pregnancy, utilisation of government's Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and health insurance coverage were associated with higher odds of full ANC utilisation. Lower maternal education, lower wealth quintile(s), lack of father's participation during antenatal visits, higher birth order, teenage and unintended pregnancy were associated with lower odds of full ANC utilisation.
conclusionsFull ANC utilisation in India was inadequate and inequitable. Although half of the women did not receive the minimum recommended ANC visits, the utilisation of TT immunisation was almost universal. The positive association of full ANC with ICDS utilisation and child's father involvement may be leveraged for increasing the uptake of full ANC. Strategies to address the socio-demographic factors associated with low and inequitable utilisation of full ANC are imperative for strengthening India's maternal health program.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.