ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2019
Dengue and chikungunya among outpatients with acute undifferentiated fever in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: A cross-sectional study.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 47 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Causes of Acute Undifferentiated Fever in Outpatients in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Implementation and Evaluation of Vector Control Methods in Kinshasa: The Case of Aedes, Vectors of Arboviruses.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Viral and host determinants of arboviral disease severity in African populations: A systematic review with meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Epidemiology, seroprevalence, and circulation of Chikungunya virus in Southern Africa (SADC region): A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Increasing prevalence of malaria and acute dengue virus coinfection in Africa: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of cross-sectional studies.Malaria journal · 2023Pooled it
- Epidemiology of yellow fever virus in humans, arthropods, and non-human primates in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Dengue Virus Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Viruses · 2021Pooled it
- Chikungunya fever in Africa: a systematic review.Pathogens and global health · 2020Pooled it
- A decade of dengue disease burden in Africa (2013-2023): a systematic review.Travel medicine and infectious diseasePooled it
- Integrated surveys of Rift Valley fever, yellow fever and dengue in Lobaye, Central African Republic.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Dengue and chikungunya virus transmission in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
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- Technical validation and implementation of a multiplex real-time PCR for differential diagnostic detection of Zika virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus and chikungunya virus (ZYDC-PCR).BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a sample-to-result real time multiplex RT-PCR test for human African trypanosomiasis and arboviral febrile illnesses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Patterns of antibiotic use for acute febrile illness in resource-limited settings: a multicenter study in DR Congo, Kenya and Uganda.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Risk factors associated with dengue and chikungunya seroprevalence and seroconversion among urban populations in western and coastal Kenya.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Technical validation of a multiplex real-time PCR for combined detection of Rift Valley fever, chikungunya, Zika and dengue viruses.Journal of virological methods · 2025Article
- Vector control for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes implemented in the field in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Global prevalence and risk factors of fatigue and post-infectious fatigue among patients with dengue: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Dengue virus transmission during non-outbreak period in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: a cross-sectional survey.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Vaccine value profile for Chikungunya.Vaccine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPathogens causing acute fever, with the exception of malaria, remain largely unidentified in sub-Saharan Africa, given the local unavailability of diagnostic tests and the broad differential diagnosis. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a cross-sectional study including outpatient acute undifferentiated fever in both children and adults, between November 2015 and June 2016 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Serological and molecular diagnostic tests for selected arboviral infections were performed on blood, including PCR, NS1-RDT, ELISA and IFA for acute, and ELISA and IFA for past infections.
resultsInvestigation among 342 patients, aged 2 to 68 years (mean age of 21 years), with acute undifferentiated fever (having no clear focus of infection) revealed 19 (8.1%) acute dengue-caused by DENV-1 and/or DENV-2 -and 2 (0.9%) acute chikungunya infections. Furthermore, 30.2% and 26.4% of participants had been infected in the past with dengue and chikungunya, respectively. We found no evidence of acute Zika nor yellow fever virus infections. 45.3% of patients tested positive on malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test, 87.7% received antimalarial treatment and 64.3% received antibacterial treatment. DISCUSSION: Chikungunya outbreaks have been reported in the study area in the past, so the high seroprevalence is not surprising. However, scarce evidence exists on dengue transmission in Kinshasa and based on our data, circulation is more important than previously reported. Furthermore, our study shows that the prescription of antibiotics, both antibacterial and antimalarial drugs, is rampant. Studies like this one, elucidating the causes of acute fever, may lead to a more considerate and rigorous use of antibiotics. This will not only stem the ever-increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance, but will-ultimately and hopefully-improve the clinical care of outpatients in low-resource settings.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02656862.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.