ArticleSSM - population health2019
Examining the relationship between U.S. incarceration rates and population health at the county level.
Article in SSM - population health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessing Bias in Medication Administration in Relation to Incarceration History in a New Orleans Student Clinic Population.Journal of community health · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Mortality in Incarcerated Populations: An Example of Health Inequalities Within Health Inequalities.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Individual- and Area-Level Incarceration and Mortality.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- "The Place Where Danger Waits": Ten Years of Incarceration After the 1994 Crime Bill and Cognitive Function among Older Adults.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Observational
- The Intersecting Effects of Lifetime Experiences of Homelessness and Incarceration on Cognitive Aging and Dementia Risk Factors in the United States.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- Impact of a digital relationship intervention for jailed individuals.Family process · 2025Article
- Review
- The Distribution of Carceral Harm: County-Level Jail Incarceration and Mortality by Race, Sex, and Age.Demography · 2024Article
- Community and household-level incarceration and its association with mental health in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of families.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- County-level political group density, partisan polarization, and individual-level mortality among adults in the United States: A lagged multilevel study.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy in U.S. Prisons: Perspectives from a Statewide Survey of Incarcerated People.Vaccines · 2024Article
- A comparison of chronic conditions between transgender and cisgender individuals with recent incarceration and in the community in a United States county.International journal of transgender health · 2024Article
- Polysubstance use and post-discharge mortality risk among hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Structural racism and health: Assessing the mediating role of community mental distress and health care access in the association between mass incarceration and adverse birth outcomes.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Impact of County-level health infrastructure on participation in a reform effort to reduce the use of jail for individuals with mental health disorders.Health & justice · 2023Article
- Public Health and Prisons: Priorities in the Age of Mass Incarceration.Annual review of public health · 2023Review
- A National Portrait of Public Attitudes toward Opioid Use in the US: A Latent Class Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Structural Racism, the Social Determination of Health, and Health Inequities: The Intersecting Impacts of Housing and Mass Incarceration.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- A consequence of mass incarceration: county-level association between jail incarceration rates and poor mental health days.Health & justice · 2022Article
- A comprehensive framework for operationalizing structural racism in health research: The association between mass incarceration of Black people in the U.S. and adverse birth outcomes.SSM - population health · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A collateral consequence of mass incarceration in the United States is its negative effects on population health. Using data from 2015, this study examines the relationship between incarceration rates and population health for a national sample of U.S. counties. To obtain unbiased estimates of the effect of incarceration on health, we use multivariate models which account for the endogeneity of incarceration rates when determining their effect on population health by employing an instrumental variable approach where the robust instrumental (exogenous) variable per capita corrections expenditures is used to predict incarceration rate. We then estimate population health outcomes as a function of predicted incarceration rate alongside factors such as public health spending, indicators of health behavior and control variables in models explaining county-level population health. Consistent with findings from prior research on individuals, families and at the state level, results of our analyses indicate that higher levels of incarceration are associated with higher levels of both morbidity (percentage reporting fair or poor health) and mortality (life expectancy). Implications of these findings for health and criminal justice policy, as well as research, are considered.
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