ArticleScientific reports2019
Agent-based modeling and bifurcation analysis reveal mechanisms of macrophage polarization and phenotype pattern distribution.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of Macrophages in Cardiac Remodeling: Cues From Zebrafish Heart.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Pooled it
- Agent-based modeling identifies multiple paths for inflammation resolution.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Uncovering bifurcation behaviors of biochemical reaction systems from network topology.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Agent-based modeling of macrophage-fibroblast interactions in the immune response to biomaterials.PloS one · 2025Article
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- An agent-based model of monocyte differentiation into tumour-associated macrophages in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.iScience · 2023Article
- A mathematical model and numerical simulation for SARS-CoV-2 dynamics.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Uncoding the interdependency of tumor microenvironment and macrophage polarization: insights from a continuous network approach.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Review
- Mathematical Modeling of Proliferative Immune Response Initiated by Interactions Between Classical Antigen-Presenting Cells Under Joint Antagonistic IL-2 and IL-4 Signaling.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2022Article
- Mathematical modeling of ventilator-induced lung inflammation.Journal of theoretical biology · 2021Article
- Magnesium ions regulate mesenchymal stem cells population and osteogenic differentiation: A fuzzy agent-based modeling approach.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2021Article
- The double-edged sword role of fibroblasts in the interaction with cancer cells; an agent-based modeling approach.PloS one · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages play a key role in tissue regeneration by polarizing to different destinies and generating various phenotypes. Recognizing the underlying mechanisms is critical in designing therapeutic procedures targeting macrophage fate determination. Here, to investigate the macrophage polarization, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed in which the effect of IL4, IFNγ and LPS, as external stimuli, on STAT1, STAT6, and NFκB is studied using bifurcation analysis. The existence of saddle-node bifurcations in these internal key regulators allows different combinations of steady state levels which are attributable to different fates. Therefore, we propose dynamic bifurcation as a crucial built-in mechanism of macrophage polarization. Next, in order to investigate the polarization of a population of macrophages, bifurcation analysis is employed aligned with agent-based approach and a two-layer model is proposed in which the information from single cells is exploited to model the behavior in tissue level. Also, in this model, a partial differential equation describes the diffusion of secreted cytokines in the medium. Finally, the model was validated against a set of experimental data. Taken together, we have here developed a cell and tissue level model of macrophage polarization behavior which can be used for designing therapeutic interventions.
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