ReviewJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2019
Reactivation of tuberculosis in cancer patients following administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors: current evidence and clinical practice recommendations.
Review in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immunoregulatory landscape of human tuberculosis granulomas.Nature immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Increased Tuberculosis Incidence Due to Immunotherapy Based on PD-1 and PD-L1 Blockade: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Cancer immunotherapy in special challenging populations: recommendations of the Advisory Committee of Spanish Melanoma Group (GEM).Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Guideline
- Exacerbation of CMV and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections Following PD-1 Blockade for HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- A Comparison of Mechanisms Driving Lesion Outcomes During Lung Tumor and Tuberculosis Granuloma Formation.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2026Article
- Pembrolizumab and reactivation of TB: is there a link?IJTLD open · 2026Article
- Challenges of tuberculosis in cancer patients: insights from two hospitals in Madrid.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for Melanoma in Patients with Altered Immune Systems: Unique Challenges and Clinical Considerations.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Concurrent therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia and lymph node tuberculosis following treatment for lung squamous cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Lung squamous cell carcinoma complicated with immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated active tuberculosis: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Coexisting Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Matched-Cohort Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Review
- Active Tuberculosis Risk Associated with Malignancies: A 4-Year Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital.South Asian journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Microbial Clearance of RefractoryPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Case of Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma Requiring Treatment Following a Positive Interferon-Gamma Release Assay Prior to Avelumab Administration.IJU case reports · 2025Article
- Cancer immunotherapy clinical trials to support urgently needed access in low- and middle-income countries: a report from the SITC global access and impact committee.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- Case Report: Papillary renal cell carcinoma complicated by ipsilateral renal tuberculosis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- CD14Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Increased Risk of Tuberculosis Disease in Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs) have revolutionized cancer treatment producing remarkable and durable responses for a range of malignancies. However, the additional modulation of immune response by ICBs may rarely cause immune-related infectious complications, including re-activation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBC) with detrimental effects on those patients' outcome. Here, we present two "real-world" melanoma cases that were treated in our department with blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 and developed active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) during immunotherapy. In view of these cases, we review the literature for ICB-associated MTB reactivation and discuss our considerations about the possible interactions of immunotherapy and the underlying co-existent mycobacterial infection. Based on the current evidence from preclinical findings prior to this experience, we raise questions regarding cancer patients who are at higher risk for developing MTB infection, whether ICB-treated patients should be considered immunocompromised, and how they should be managed for latent and/or active tuberculosis. Aside from the well-established clinical benefit of immunotherapy, the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 axis may concurrently disrupt the immune control of specific opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis that should be carefully and expectantly managed in order to avoid compromising the outcome of cancer treatment and the affected patient's survival.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.