ArticleViruses2019
Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011-2018.
Article in Viruses, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Genomic epidemiology and phylogeographic reconstruction of West Nile virus 2 in Italy from 2011 to 2023.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Mosquito-borne viral infections: veterinary diagnostic approach with a One Health perspective.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2026Review
- West Nile Virus: Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Prophylaxis with a Comparative Insight from Italy and Iran.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Increased incidence of human West Nile and Usutu infections in Austria, 2024: analysis of data from 2009 to 2024.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- First seroprevalence study of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in blood donors after the upsurge of West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND) cases in southern Italy in 2023.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The emergence of NY10: insights into the 2012 West Nile Virus outbreak in the United States.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- In vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel West Nile virus lineage 2 strain.Npj viruses · 2024Article
- An easier life to come for mosquito researchers: field-testing across Italy supports VECTRACK system for automatic counting, identification and absolute density estimation of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens adults.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Evolutionary dynamics of Usutu virus: Worldwide dispersal patterns and transmission dynamics in Europe.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Diversity of West Nile and Usutu virus strains in mosquitoes at an international airport in Austria.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2022Article
- One Health surveillance of West Nile and Usutu viruses: a repeated cross-sectional study exploring seroprevalence and endemicity in Southern France, 2016 to 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2022Article
- West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Spreads Westwards in Europe and Overwinters in North-Eastern Spain (2017-2020).Viruses · 2022Article
- Survey on the Presence of Viruses of Economic and Zoonotic Importance in Avifauna in Northern Italy.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- West Nile and Usutu Viruses' Surveillance in Birds of the Province of Ferrara, Italy, from 2015 to 2019.Viruses · 2021Article
- Epidemiology of human West Nile virus infections in the European Union and European Union enlargement countries, 2010 to 2018.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2021Article
- Epidemiology of West Nile Virus Infections in Humans, Italy, 2012-2020: A Summary of Available Evidences.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) caused a vast epidemic in Europe in 2018, with the highest incidence being recorded in Italy. To reconstruct the evolutionary dynamics and epidemiological history of the virus in Italy, 53 envelope gene and 26 complete genome sequences obtained from human and animal samples were characterised by means of next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two Italian strains originating between 2010 and 2012: clade A, which apparently became extinct in 2013-2014, and clade B, which was responsible for the 2018 epidemic. The mean genetic distances in clade B increased over time and with the distance between sampling locations. Bayesian birth-death and coalescent skyline plots of the clade B showed that the effective number of infections and the effective reproduction number (Re) increased between 2015 and 2018. Our data suggest that WNV-2 entered Italy in 2011 as a result of one or a few penetration events. Clade B differentiated mainly as a result of genetic drift and purifying selection, leading to the appearance of multiple locally circulating sub-clades for different times. Phylodynamic analysis showed a current expansion of the infection among reservoir birds and/or vectors.
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