ReviewSports medicine - open2019
Correlates and Determinants of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review.
Review in Sports medicine - open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 163 citations in OpenAlex.
- Validity of Estimating the Maximal Oxygen Consumption by Consumer Wearables: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Expert Statement of the INTERLIVE Network.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Pooled it
- The Metabolic Signature of Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Pooled it
- The effect of leisure time physical activity and sedentary behaviour on the health of workers with different occupational physical activity demands: a systematic review.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2021Pooled it
- Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior and Physical Fitness in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Associations between fatigue, physical fitness, and physical activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Crohn's & colitis 360 · 2026Article
- Physical Fitness and Device-Based Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Risk of Long-Term Sickness Absence-A Prospective Cohort Study With 8-Year Follow-Up.European journal of sport science · 2026Article
- EPAS1 is associated with human muscle fiber composition and endurance phenotypes.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Trends in physical fitness among adults from Macao SAR between 2001 and 2020.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Predictors of Exercise Capacity in Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Multivariate associations of motor performance, sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and grey matter volume in younger and mid-to-older adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Maternal cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with metabolic hormone concentrations in human milk.Npj exercise medicine and health · 2026Article
- Cardiorespiratory fitness in working adults undergoing rehabilitation: the role of lifestyle and body composition- a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Field-assessed functional exercise capacity and selected NCD-related health markers among students at Kuwait University: a cross-sectional study using the incremental shuttle walk test.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness in school-aged children: a sex-specific association independent of physical activity-evidence from Croatia.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Volumetric Reference Ranges for SPECT MPI Parameters and the Predictive Power of Dyssynchrony Parameters: A Cross-Sectional StudyCurrent medical imaging · 2026Article
- Nonexercise Equations for Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Older Adults using Body Roundness Index and Waist Circumference.Exercise, sport & movement · 2026Article
- Birth size modifies longitudinal associations between midlife educational level and physical function at late-life for men and women.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Grip Strength: Independent and Combined Associations With Multimorbidity Risk and Patterns in a Large-Scale Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Impaired cardiorespiratory fitness in psoriatic arthritis: insights from cardiopulmonary exercise testing.RMD open · 2025Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEnhanced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is now a well-established predictor of numerous adverse health outcomes. Knowledge about the pathways leading to enhanced CRF is essential for developing appropriate interventions. Hence, the aim of this review was to provide a detailed overview of the current state of research regarding individual factors associated with or influencing CRF among the general adult population.
methodsWe searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases and also conducted a search for grey literature (Google Scholar). Eligible indicators of CRF were objectively assessed measures of CRF by submaximal or maximal exercise testing measured using treadmill or cycle ergometer tests. We included quantitative observational studies of the general adult population. Using a semi-quantitative approach, we compiled summary tables aggregating the study results for each potential correlate or determinant of CRF.
resultsWe identified 3005 studies, 78 of which met the inclusion criteria. Almost all of these studies were conducted in high-income countries. Study quality scores assessing the risk of bias in the individual studies ranged from 40 to 100%. Male sex, age (inverse), education, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, body mass index (inverse), body weight (inverse), waist circumference, body fat (inverse), resting heart rate (inverse), C-reactive protein (inverse), smoking (inverse), alcohol consumption, and multiple measures of leisure-time physical activity were independently and consistently associated with CRF.
conclusionsIn synthesizing the current research on the correlates and determinants of CRF among adults, this systematic review identified gaps in the current understanding of factors influencing CRF. Beyond the scope of this review, environmental and interpersonal determinants should be further investigated. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO, CRD42017055456.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.