ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2019
High numbers of activated helper T cells are associated with better clinical outcome in early stage vulvar cancer, irrespective of HPV or p53 status.
Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Infiltrating T-cell markers in cervical carcinogenesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.British journal of cancer · 2021Pooled it
- Pre-existing infiltration with T cells and CD14+ myeloid cells is associated with treatment response to imiquimod in primary and recurrent vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- A Phase II Basket Trial of Dual Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 Blockade in Rare Tumors SWOG S1609: Vulvar Cancers.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Trial
- Article
- Immunotherapy and Advanced Vulvar Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survival and Safety Outcomes.Cancers · 2025Review
- Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast and Female Genital Tract Cancers: Overlooked Potential and Unexplored Frontiers.Cancer medicine · 2025Review
- Histopathological biomarkers in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: the prognostic relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)-a retrospective study of 157 cases.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Molecular and microenvironmental landscapes of human papillomavirus-independent invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society · 2025Article
- Increased Susceptibility of WHIM Mice to Papillomavirus-induced Disease is Dependent upon Immune Cell Dysfunction.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Monocyte infiltration is an independent positive prognostic biomarker in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- Intertumoral Differences Dictate the Outcome of TGF-β Blockade on the Efficacy of Viro-Immunotherapy.Cancer research communications · 2023Article
- T-Cell Density at the Invasive Margin and Immune Phenotypes Predict Outcome in Vulvar Squamous Cell Cancer.Cancers · 2022Article
- Simultaneous and Spatially-Resolved Analysis of T-Lymphocytes, Macrophages and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint in Rare Cancers.Cancers · 2022Article
- CXCR4/ACKR3/CXCL12 axis in the lymphatic metastasis of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.Journal of clinical pathology · 2022Article
- Importance of the Immune Microenvironment in the Spontaneous Regression of Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (cSIL) and Implications for Immunotherapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Primary vulvar squamous cell carcinomas with high T cell infiltration and active immune signaling are potential candidates for neoadjuvant PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Article
- Immune landscape in vulvar cancer-draining lymph nodes indicates distinct immune escape mechanisms in support of metastatic spread and growth.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Article
- Combination radiation and immunotherapy in gynecologic malignancies-a comprehensive review.Translational cancer research · 2021Review
- Is There a Place for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Vulvar Neoplasms? A State of the Art Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- CD163Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) has been suggested to consist of three subtypes; HPV-positive, HPV-negative mutated TP53 or HPV-negative TP53 wildtype, with different clinical courses. To analyze the immune infiltrate in these molecular subtypes and its impact on clinical outcome, an in-depth study of the tumor immune microenvironment was performed.
methodsSixty-five patients with invasive VSCC matched for age, FIGO stage and treatment modality, were grouped according to the presence of HPV and p53 protein expression status. Archived tissues were analyzed for intraepithelial and stromal expression of CD3, CD8, Foxp3, PD-1, and pan-keratin in randomly selected areas using immunofluorescence. Additional phenotyping of T cells was performed ex-vivo on VSCC (n = 14) and blood samples by flow cytometry. Healthy vulvar samples and blood served as controls.
resultsBased on T-cell infiltration patterns about half of the VSCC were classified as inflamed or altered-excluded while one-third was immune-deserted. High intraepithelial helper T cell infiltration was observed in 78% of the HPV-induced VSCC, 60% of the HPVnegVSCC/p53wildtype and 40% of the HPVnegVSCC with abnormal p53 expression. A high intraepithelial infiltration with activated (CD3
conclusionThis is the first study demonstrating an association between intraepithelial T cells and clinical outcome in VSCC. Our data suggest that abnormal p53 expressing VSCCs mostly are cold tumors whereas HPV-driven VSCCs are strongly T-cell infiltrated.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.