ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2019
Multiple transmission routes sustain high prevalence of a virulent parasite in a butterfly host.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environment and Host Genetics Drive Infection Outcomes in a Butterfly Host, but Do Not Interact With Each Other.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Crowding reduces per-capita parasite infection risk in a butterfly host.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Resistance and Tolerance to Imperfectly Specialized Parasites: Milkweed Butterflies and Their Protozoan Parasites.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Abiotic and biotic factors jointly influence the contact and environmental transmission of a generalist pathogen.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Extreme heat reduces host and parasite performance in a butterfly-parasite interaction.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Vertical transmission of horizontally acquired social information in sticklebacks: implications for transgenerational plasticity.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Crowding does not affect monarch butterflies' resistance to a protozoan parasite.Ecology and evolution · 2022Article
- The Role of Experiments in Monarch Butterfly Conservation: A Review of Recent Studies and Approaches.Annals of the Entomological Society of America · 2022Article
- Multiple transmission routes sustain high prevalence of a virulent parasite in a butterfly host.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Understanding factors that allow highly virulent parasites to reach high infection prevalence in host populations is important for managing infection risks to human and wildlife health. Multiple transmission routes have been proposed as one mechanism by which virulent pathogens can achieve high prevalence, underscoring the need to investigate this hypothesis through an integrated modelling-empirical framework. Here, we examine a harmful specialist protozoan infecting monarch butterflies that commonly reaches high prevalence (50-100%) in resident populations. We integrate field and modelling work to show that a combination of three empirically-supported transmission routes (vertical, adult transfer and environmental transmission) can produce and sustain high infection prevalence in this system. Although horizontal transmission is necessary for parasite invasion, most new infections post-establishment arise from vertical transmission. Our study predicts that multiple transmission routes, coupled with high parasite virulence, can reduce resident host abundance by up to 50%, suggesting that the protozoan could contribute to declines of North American monarchs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.