ArticleNeuroImage. Clinical2019
Brain iron levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder normalize as a function of psychostimulant treatment duration.
Article in NeuroImage. Clinical, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexual dimorphism of midbrain catecholaminergic metabolism revealed by neuromelanin-sensitive MRI.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Quantitative susceptibility mapping of brain iron in adult ADHD.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Brain iron deficiency in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using iterAtive magnetic suscePtibility sources sepARaTion (APART-QSM).Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- Linking Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Neurotransmitter, and Neural Network Abnormalities and Mania: Elucidating Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Therapeutic Effect of the Ketogenic Diet in Bipolar Disorder.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025Review
- Subcortical brain iron and its link to verbal memory in children with developmental language disorder.Brain and language · 2025Article
- Leveraging ultra-high field (7T) MRI in psychiatric research.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Iron Deficiency and Sleep/Wake Behaviors: A Scoping Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines-How to Overcome the Current Conundrum?Nutrients · 2024Article
- Comparison of three magnetic resonance imaging measures of brain iron in healthy and cocaine use disorder participants.NMR in biomedicine · 2024Article
- Reduced basal ganglia tissue-iron concentration in school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is localized to limbic circuitry.Experimental brain research · 2022Article
- Changes in corticostriatal connectivity and striatal tissue iron associated with efficacy of clozapine for treatment‑resistant schizophrenia.Psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Quantitative susceptibility mapping reveals brain iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a whole-brain analysis.European radiology · 2022Article
- Brain Iron and Mental Health Symptoms in Youth with and without Prenatal Alcohol Exposure.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Iron Homeostasis in the CNS: An Overview of the Pathological Consequences of Iron Metabolism Disruption.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Preliminary Study of ADHD Biomarkers in Adults with Focus on Serum Iron and Transcranial Sonography of the Substantia Nigra.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Copper and Selenium Status in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Polygenic risk score analysis revealed shared genetic background in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy.Translational psychiatry · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain iron homeostasis is a dopamine-related mechanism that may be modified with long-term psychostimulant treatment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We previously reported that while medication-naïve youth with ADHD have reduced brain iron compared to controls and psychostimulant-medicated patients, no differences were detected between the latter groups. In this follow-up study, we examined whether the duration of psychostimulant treatment correlates with the degree of iron normalization. Brain iron was indexed with MRI using an advanced method called magnetic field correlation (MFC) imaging and the conventional R2* proton transverse relaxation rate method. MFC was acquired in 30 psychostimulant-medicated youth with comorbid-free ADHD and 29 age-matched controls (all males). R2* was acquired in a subset of these individuals. Region-of-interest analyses for MFC and R2* group differences and within-group correlations with age and years of psychostimulant treatment were conducted in the globus pallidus (GP), putamen (PUT), caudate nucleus (CN), thalamus (THL) and red nucleus. No significant MFC and R2* group differences were detected. However, while all regional MFC and R2* significantly increased with age in the control group, MFC and R2* increased in the GP, PUT, CN and THL with psychostimulant treatment duration in the ADHD group to a greater degree than with age. Our findings suggest that while youth with ADHD may have less prominent age-related brain iron increases than that seen in typical development, long-term use of psychostimulant medications may compensate through a normalizing effect on basal ganglia iron. Longitudinal studies following ADHD patients before and after long-term psychostimulant treatment are needed to confirm these findings.
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