ArticleModern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc2020
Utility of immunohistochemistry with C3d in C3 glomerulopathy.
Article in Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Biomarkers in the Management of Complement-Mediated Kidney Diseases in the Era of Complement Therapeutics.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Review
- Primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: natural history, pathogenesis, and treatment.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Review
- C3d-Targeted factor H inhibits tissue complement in disease models and reduces glomerular injury without affecting circulating complement.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- The Diagnostic Significance of C3d Antigen in Kidney and Skin Histopathology - The Current State-Of-The-Art and Practical Examples.Physiological research · 2023Review
- Development and Optimization of Bifunctional Fusion Proteins to Locally Modulate Complement Activation in Diseased Tissue.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Article
- Diagnostic Immunostaining of Renal Biopsies: An Overview of Markers for Glomerular Diseases.Glomerular diseasesArticle
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
C3-dominance by immunofluorescence is a defining feature in the diagnosis of C3 glomerulopathy. Most pathologists stain for C3c, which has been reported as a trace/negative even in otherwise clear-cut cases of dense deposit disease. We investigated the usefulness of C3d immunohistochemistry in biopsies with C3 glomerulopathy as an ancillary diagnostic tool. All biopsies from patients diagnosed with C3 glomerulopathy in the period January 2005 to June 2017 in the Erasmus MC, Rotterdam were included (n = 14; 10 C3 glomerulonephritis, 4 dense deposit disease). The staining pattern of C3d and C4d by immunohistochemistry was analyzed. As controls, biopsies from patients with immune complex membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 2), infection-associated glomerulonephritis (n = 6), pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis (n = 7), tubulointerstitial nephritis (n = 7) and chronic-active antibody-mediated rejection (n = 9) were included. All 14 biopsies with C3 glomerulopathy showed a C3d score of ≥2, including two clear-cut biopsies with C3 glomerulopathy originally showing a trace/negative staining for C3c. In the control group, a C3d score ≥2 was observed in 11 biopsies (35%; 2 with immune complex membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (100%), 6 with infection-associated glomerulonephritis (100%), 1 with pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis (14%), 1 with tubulointerstitial nephritis (14%) and 1 with chronic-active antibody-mediated rejection (11%)). C4d was positive in 71% of the biopsies with C3 glomerulopathy (10/14). In conclusion, C3d immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of C3 glomerulopathy, especially in cases in which C3c immunofluorescence shows a trace/negative. We recommend the use of C3d in addition to C3c in cases suspicious for C3 glomerulopathy.
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