ArticleBiology of sex differences2019
An inherent T cell deficit in healthy males to C. neoformans infection may begin to explain the sex susceptibility in incidence of cryptococcosis.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans from an environmental perspective.Virulence · 2025Review
- Article
- Machine learning-based prognostic prediction for hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients with cryptococcus infection in Guangxi, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- A New Overview of Sex Bias in Fungal Infections.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The conneXion between sex and immune responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- [Sex in infectious diseases-How sex differences influence the immune response to infections].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- The Pathological Activation of Microglia Is Modulated by Sexually Dimorphic Pathways.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Adaptive immunology ofFrontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Associations betweenJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- The Effects of Androgens on T Cells: Clues to Female Predominance in Autoimmune Liver Diseases?Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Pathogen and host genetics underpinning cryptococcal disease.Advances in genetics · 2020Review
- The Role of Testosterone and Gibberellic Acid in the Melanization ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- COVID-19 associated with cryptococcosis: a scoping review.Therapeutic advances in infectious diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCryptococcus neoformans, the causative agent of cryptococcosis, causes ~ 181,000 deaths annually, with males having a higher incidence of disease than females (7M:3F). The reason for this sex bias remains unclear. We hypothesized that this disparity was due to biological differences between the male and female immune response.
methodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were isolated and infected with C. neoformans ± exogenous testosterone or 17-β-estradiol. C. neoformans, B, T, and NK cell proliferation was quantified by flow cytometry. Cytokine analysis was conducted via protein array or ELISA. Serological testing was conducted to determine previous exposure to C. neoformans.
resultsC. neoformans proliferated more in male PBMCs. T cell percentages in both sexes were lower in infected versus uninfected cells. Male PBMCs had lower CD3
conclusionsThese results suggest that males show an inherent deficit in T cell response during infection, which may contribute to the increased incidence of disease in males.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.