ArticleBMC oral health2019
Prevalence and dental effects of infant oral mutilation or Ebiino among 3-5 year-old children from a rural district in Uganda.
Article in BMC oral health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in Africa: A Systematic Review.International journal of paediatric dentistry · 2026Pooled it
- The Prevalence, Dental Complications, and Effects of Infant Oral Mutilation.International dental journal · 2024Pooled it
- Long-Term Effects of a Randomized Maternal Education Trial in Rural Uganda: Implications for Child Oral Health.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2022Trial
- Article
- Peripheral extremity gangrene following infant oral mutilation (Ebinyo): a case report from Northern Uganda.African health sciences · 2025Article
- Infant oral mutilation: data collection, clinical management and public health guidelines.British dental journal · 2022Article
- Long-term dental implications of infant oral mutilation: a case series.British dental journal · 2021Article
- Cultural and Personal Practices with Unusual Oral Findings: Three Case Reports and a Literature Review.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry · 2021Article
- [Skull-facial anthropometric traits of forensic odontological interest for estimating sex, race and age. Review of the literature].Revista cientifica odontologica (Universidad Cientifica del Sur)Review
- A Fatal Case of Infant Oral Mutilation Practice.Contemporary clinical dentistryArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEbiino, a form of Infant Oral Mutilation (IOM), involves the gauging or enucleation of primary canine tooth buds in infants, and is believed to be a form of remedy to a range of childhood diseases. The effects of this practice have ranged from the child experiencing excessive bleeding, opportunistic infections and even death, besides the potential negative dental effects on primary and the developing permanent dentition of the affected child. The purpose of the study was to establish the occurrence of Ebiino and its dental effects in a rural child-population in Uganda.
methodsThis study formed part of a larger descriptive cross-sectional study on dental caries and gingivitis, in which 432 children aged 3-5 years old from Nyakagyeme Sub-county, Rukungiri District, Uganda, participated. All the 432 participants (230 males and 202 females, mean age 4.1 SD = 0.8) who had been recruited through stratified random sampling procedure, and whose caregivers had provided a written informed consent, were included in the study. Initially the past dental history of each participant was obtained, and all the children had an oral examination carried out to establish their dental status.
resultsThe data gathered were entered in a computer and analysed using Windows SPSS version 23.0. The results of the analysis showed the prevalence of missing teeth not due to reasons like caries or trauma was 8.1%, with the primary canine being the most commonly missing tooth. These unusual missing teeth were attributed to a traditional practice called Ebiino. Chi-square test showed no statistically significant association of Ebiino with gender and age (p = 0.352 and p = 0.909, respectively). Also found in the study were enamel hypoplasia or damage of some primary canines and/or the primary lateral incisors and first primary molars, as well as displacement of adjacent teeth, a result found to be associated with the practice.
conclusionThe practice of Ebiino appears to be endemic within the communities in Rukungiri region in spite of the negative impacts in form of hypoplasia, midline shift, trauma, dental displacement and missing adjacent teeth that it had on the primary dentition of the child.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.