ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2019
Treatment resistant depression in women with peripartum depression.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for peripartum depression: systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Pooled it
- The Role of Exosomes in the Regulation of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Treatment Resistance-Linking Cellular Crosstalk to Clinical Implications in Depression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Peripheral Blood Transcriptomic Features Distinguishing Postpartum Depression from Major Depressive Disorder and Healthy Postpartum Controls.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Risk factors for treatment resistance among women with postpartum depression in a nationwide study.Nature. Mental health · 2026Article
- Postpartum Depression: Interacting Biological Pathways and the Promising Validation of Blood-Based Biomarkers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Real-world pharmacotherapy treatment patterns among patients diagnosed with postpartum depression in the United States.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Exploring Psychedelics for Unmet Needs in Women's Reproductive Health.Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Review
- Treatment-resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2023Article
- A unified model of the biology of peripartum depression.Translational psychiatry · 2023Review
- Maternal antenatal depression's effects on child developmental delays: Gestational age, postnatal depressive symptoms, and breastfeeding as mediators.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
- Postpartum depression: A role for psychedelics?Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2022Review
- Polysaccharide Regulation of Intestinal Flora: A Viable Approach to Maintaining Normal Cognitive Performance and Treating Depression.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Antidepressant effect r TMS during pregnancy in a case of Major Depression Resistant to Pharmacological Treatment.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2021Article
- Maternal self-efficacy and peripartum depression amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.Asian journal of psychiatry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPeripartum depression is a leading cause of disease burden for women and yet there is little evidence as to how often peripartum depression does not respond to treatment and becomes treatment resistant depression. We sought to determine the incidence of treatment resistant depression (TRD) in women with peripartum depression.
methodsPopulation based retrospective cohort study using a large US claims database. Peripartum depression was defined as having a depression diagnosis during pregnancy or up to 6 months after the end of pregnancy. We included women with prevalent or incident depression. The outcome was the development of TRD within 1 year after the diagnosis of peripartum depression. TRD was defined as having 3 distinct antidepressants or 1 antidepressant and 1 antipsychotic in 1 year. Women with peripartum depression may not be exposed to pharmacological treatments early in pregnancy, therefore we created two groups: 1. women with peripartum depression, and 2. women with peripartum depression diagnosed 3 months before a live birth delivery or within 6 months after that delivery.
resultsThere were 3,207,684 pregnant women, of whom 2.5% had peripartum depression. Of these women half had incident depression during pregnancy. Five percent of women with peripartum depression developed TRD within 1 year of the depression diagnosis. The risk of developing TRD was 50% higher in women with prevalent depression than in women with incident peripartum depression (P < 0.0001). Results were similar in women with peripartum depression diagnosed later in their pregnancy. Women who went on to develop TRD had more substance use disorders, anxiety, insomnia and painful conditions.
conclusionsTRD occurs in approximately 5% of women with peripartum depression. The risk of TRD is higher in pregnant women with a history of depression. Women who went on to develop TRD had more psychiatric comorbidities and painful conditions than women who did not.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.