SynthesisJournal of neurodevelopmental disorders2019
Assessing general cognitive and adaptive abilities in adults with Down syndrome: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating Scoring Mechanisms for Measuring the Stroop Effect in Individuals With Down Syndrome.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2026Review
- Connection between attention, executive function, episodic memory, and adaptive functioning in young adults with Down syndrome.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2026Article
- Article
- Lifestyle intervention and cognitive outcomes in Down syndrome: a horizon 21 European Down syndrome consortium scoping review.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2026Article
- Obstructive sleep apnea in adults with Down syndrome: body composition, metabolic profile and cognitive status.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Generational effects in Down syndrome: Enriched environment enhances functionality without reducing Alzheimer's disease risk.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Prelinguistic Communication Complexity of Children With Neurogenetic Syndromes.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2025Article
- Charting the future: current and future directions in translational research for individuals with Down syndrome.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2025Review
- Staging of Alzheimer's disease progression in Down syndrome using mixed clinical and plasma biomarker measures with machine learning.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- The Down Alzheimer Barcelona Neuroimaging Initiative (DABNI) and its contributions to understanding Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: A decade of discovery.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Down syndrome in Africa: Challenges, opportunities, and future directions.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Discrepancies in assessing intellectual disability levels in adults with Down syndrome: Implications for dementia diagnosis.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Concurrent validity in language and motor domains on the Vineland-3 and Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with Down syndrome.Research in developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Resistance and resilience to Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Whispers of Resilience: A phenomenological exploration of maternal journeys with children affected by Downs Syndrome in Quetta, Baluchistan.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- The Relationships, Employment, Autonomy, and Life Satisfaction (REALS) Measures for Autistic Adults and Adults With Other Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Psychometric Testing of the Self-Report and Proxy Versions.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Raising awareness and addressing inequities for people with Down syndrome in South Africa.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Language and Ageing in Adults With Down Syndrome: An Analysis of Receptive and Expressive Language Measures.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2025Article
- The mTOR Pathway: A Common Link Between Alzheimer's Disease and Down Syndrome.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Physical Activity and Cognitive Impairment in a Group of Adults with Down Syndrome from North-Eastern Romania.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMeasures of general cognitive and adaptive ability in adults with Down syndrome (DS) used by previous studies vary substantially. This review summarises the different ability measures used previously, focusing on tests of intelligence quotient (IQ) and adaptive behaviour (AB), and where possible examines floor effects and differences between DS subpopulations. We aimed to use information regarding existing measures to provide recommendations for individual researchers and the DS research community.
resultsNineteen studies reporting IQ test data met inclusion for this review, with 17 different IQ tests used. Twelve of these IQ tests were used in only one study while five were used in two different studies. Eleven studies reporting AB test data met inclusion for this review, with seven different AB tests used. The only AB scales to be used by more than one study were the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale (VABS; used by three studies) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale 2nd Edition (VABS-II; used by two studies). A variety of additional factors were identified which make comparison of test scores between studies problematic, including different score types provided between studies (e.g. raw scores compared to age-equivalent scores) and different participant inclusion criteria (e.g. whether individuals with cognitive decline were excluded). Floor effects were common for IQ tests (particularly for standardised test scores). Data exists to suggest that floor effects may be minimised by the use of raw test scores rather than standardised test scores. Raw scores may, therefore, be particularly useful in longitudinal studies to track change in cognitive ability over time.
conclusionsStudies assessing general ability in adults with DS are likely to benefit from the use of both IQ and AB scales. The DS research community may benefit from the development of reporting standards for IQ and AB data, and from the sharing of raw study data enabling further in-depth investigation of issues highlighted by this review.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.