ArticleOphthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)2019
Psychometric evaluation of a new proxy-instrument to assess participation in children aged 3-6 years with visual impairment: PAI-CY 3-6.
Article in Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Participation and quality of life of Nepalese children with visual impairment in comparison with normally sighted peers: a cross sectional comparative study.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2025Article
- Health-Related Quality of Life Using the KIDSCREEN-27 Questionnaire among Adolescents with High Myopia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Subjective vision assessment in companion dogs using dogVLQ demonstrates age-associated visual dysfunction.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of a Nepali version of the Dutch Participation and Activity Inventory for Children and Youth (PAI - CY) with visual impairment.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2021Article
- Quality of Life and Participation of Children With Visual Impairment: Comparison With Population Reference Scores.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- The Michigan Vision-Related Anxiety Questionnaire: A Psychosocial Outcomes Measure for Inherited Retinal Degenerations.American journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- The Michigan Retinal Degeneration Questionnaire: A Patient-Reported Outcome Instrument for Inherited Retinal Degenerations.American journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- First stage psychometric testing of a new instrument for adolescents with visual impairment: the Participation and Activity Inventory for Children and Youth (PAI-CY) 13-17 years.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2020Article
- Network Analysis of the Participation and Activity Inventory for Children and Youth (PAI-CY) 7-12 Years with Visual Impairment.Translational vision science & technology · 2020Article
- Psychometric evaluation of a new proxy-instrument to assess participation in children aged 3-6 years with visual impairment: PAI-CY 3-6.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe Participation and Activity Inventory for Children and Youth 3-6 years (PAI-CY 3-6) was recently developed to assess the participation needs of children with visual impairment (VI) by means of parent-proxy report. This study reports on its psychometric properties.
methodsParents of children aged 3-6 years registered at two low vision rehabilitation centers in the Netherlands were invited to participate and completed the 52-item PAI-CY. Satisfaction with the PAI-CY 3-6 was determined using an evaluation form. Basic item analyses was conducted, after which an item response theory (IRT) model (i.e. the graded response model, GRM) was fitted. Deletion of items was informed by results of item analyses, fulfillment of IRT assumptions, differential item functioning, fit to the GRM and item information content. Face and content validity were considered; professionals from low vision rehabilitation centers were asked for their opinion in the item deletion process. After obtaining a satisfactory set of items, known-group validity, concurrent validity and test-retest reliability were also investigated.
resultsData of 237 parents were included in the analyses. Various aspects of the PAI-CY 3-6 were perceived as neutral to positive by over 85% of the respondents. After removing 17 items, the remaining 35 items reflected satisfactory fit to the GRM. Known-group validity was supported, since participants with more severe VI and comorbidity scored significantly worse than those with less severe VI and without comorbidity after correcting for potential confounders. Test-retest reliability was adequate, and the PAI-CY showed to have good concurrent validity. Feedback from professionals motivated the maintenance of 3 of the 17 deleted items, although not included in the scoring. Furthermore, two new items were added, resulting in a 40-item instrument.
conclusionsThe PAI-CY 3-6 has sound psychometric properties and can now be used to assess the participation needs of children aged 3-6 years with VI by means of proxy. Implementation in routine low vision rehabilitation care enables further optimization and investigation of its acceptability and feasibility.
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