ArticleSleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung2020
Craniofacial photography and association with sleep-disordered breathing severity in children.
Article in Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Normal polysomnography parameters in healthy children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Pooled it
- Two-dimensional facial photography for assessment of craniofacial morphology in sleep breathing disorders: a systematic review.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2024Pooled it
- An Interdisciplinary Approach: Presentation of the Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnostic Examination Form (POSADEF).Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Guideline
- Anthropometric measures and obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2024Pooled it
- Craniofacial features in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Anatomical References for the Study of 3D Facial Photographs: A Scoping Review and Proposed Preliminary Framework for Comprehensive Facial Evaluation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy: Investigating a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children with and Without Down Syndrome-A Study Protocol.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Can children with negative polysomnography results always be non-OSA controls?Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2023Article
- Characterization of craniofacial-based clinical phenotypes in children with suspected obstructive sleep apnea.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2023Article
- Medical Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Orthodontic and Facial Characteristics of Craniofacial Syndromic Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Three-dimensional orthodontic imaging in children across the age spectrum and correlations with obstructive sleep apnea.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2023Article
- Clinical Characteristics Combined with Craniofacial Photographic Analysis in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Nature and science of sleep · 2023Article
- Evaluation and diagnosis of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea-An update.Frontiers in sleep · 2023Review
- Use of facial stereophotogrammetry as a screening tool for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea by dental specialists.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2022Article
- Clinical and anatomical characteristics associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity in children.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2022Article
- The face of Dental Sleep Medicine in the 21st century.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeSleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children has been associated with craniofacial characteristics. Facial photography provides a radiation-free means of estimating facial morphology through facial landmark analysis. Our objective was to determine whether facial analysis provides information about SDB severity. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether facial photographic measurements differ with SDB status, or were associated with SDB severity.
methodsSingle-center cohort of children undergoing overnight polysomnography for assessment of SDB; non-snoring controls were recruited from the community to undergo polysomnography. Standardized front and lateral facial photographs were analyzed according to previously published protocols. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine if facial measurements differed between SDB groups and controls. Linear regression was performed to determine if facial measurements were associated with SDB severity.
resultsSeventy-eight children (9 controls, 17 primary snoring, 23 mild SDB, 27 moderate-severe SDB) were included. Facial angles and upper-to-lower face height ratio showed variation between SDB groups (p = 0.038). Facial measurements related to SDB severity, specifically an increased cervicomental angle (p = 0.001), and increased lower-to-upper face height (p = 0.006).
conclusionEvaluation of craniofacial features using clinical photography is feasible. Preliminary investigation shows some relationship with SBD severity. Further work is needed to determine if craniofacial photography is useful for stratifying SDB risk in children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.