ArticleStatistical communications in infectious diseases2019
The Connection between the Averted Infections Ratio and the Rate Ratio in Active-control Trials of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Agents.
Article in Statistical communications in infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sample size estimation for the averted events ratio.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2026Article
- Active-Controlled Trial Design for HIV Prevention Trials With a Counterfactual Placebo.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Interpretation of active-control randomised trials: the case for a new analytical perspective involving averted events.BMC medical research methodology · 2023Review
- Estimating HIV Incident Diagnoses Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Eligible for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis but Not Taking It: Protocol and Feasibility Assessment of Data Sources and Methods.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Confidence limits for the averted infections ratio estimated via the counterfactual placebo incidence rate.Statistical communications in infectious diseases · 2021Article
- A Bayesian averted infection framework for PrEP trials with low numbers of HIV infections: application to the results of the DISCOVER trial.The lancet. HIV · 2020Review
- The only way is up: priorities for implementing long-acting antiretrovirals for HIV prevention and treatment.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The design and analysis of active-control trials to evaluate experimental HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agents pose serious statistical challenges. We recently proposed a new outcome measure, the averted infections ratio (AIR) - the proportion of infections that would be averted by using the experimental agent rather than the control agent (compared to no intervention). The main aim of the current paper is to examine the mathematical connection between AIR and the HIV incidence rate ratio, the standard outcome measure. We also consider the sample size implications of the choice of primary outcome measure and explore the connection between effectiveness and efficacy under a simplified model of adherence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.