ArticleBMC nephrology2019
The incidence, prevalence and trends of Chronic Kidney Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu) in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka: an analysis of 30,566 patients.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pediatric kidney health outcomes in communities impacted by chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu): a systematic review.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Asia: a systematic review and analysis.BMJ global health · 2022Pooled it
- Paediatric chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology: early-life origins, detection, and prevention.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- A Whole-Exome Sequencing-Based Exploration of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in an Endemic Population in Sri Lanka.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Quality of life, sleep quality, and psychological wellbeing of patients with chronic kidney disease in Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka: a descriptive cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Case-control study of water and agricultural exposures among women in CKDu-endemic Sri Lanka.Journal of water and health · 2026Article
- Mesoamerican nephropathy: A silent epidemic at the nexus of climate, labor, and health.AIMS public health · 2026Article
- Review
- Lack of evidence for viral etiology in symptomatic chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka.BMC nephrology · 2025Observational
- The silent epidemic of CKDu: advances, challenges, and strategies for sustainable eradication-a narrative review.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2025Review
- Changes in Kidney Function Following Living Donor Nephrectomy: A Retrospective, Single-Center, Descriptive Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- Geo-mapping of government healthcare facilities providing diagnostic laboratory services in Delhi, India: a pilot study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Evaluating spatial access to primary care and health disparities in a rural district of Sri Lanka: Implications for strategic health policy interventions.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Environmental fluoride exposure and implications on potential pediatric kidney health risks: an approach with urinary biomarkers.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Health burden of sugarcane burning on agricultural workers and nearby communities.Inhalation toxicology · 2024Review
- Exposome and Metabolome Analysis of Sugarcane Workers Reveals Predictors of Kidney Injury.Kidney international reports · 2024Article
- Decreasing incidence of hospital diagnosed CKD/CKDu in North Central Province of Sri Lanka: is it related to provision of drinking water reverse osmosis plants?BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- CKD is the Major Cause of Death in Uddanam: A Population-Representative Study Using Smart Verbal Autopsy.Kidney international reports · 2024Article
- Glyphosate and fluoride in high-hardness drinking water are positively associated with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka.Environmental science & technology letters · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) of uncertain origin (CKDu) has affected North Central Province (Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa districts) of Sri Lanka. The cause is still unknown. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, prevalence and trend of CKD/CKDu in North Central Province of Sri Lanka.
methodsA cross sectional survey conducted in North Central Province with GPS mapping in CKDu highly affected areas. The diagnosis of CKD and staging were made according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes paper. Descriptive statistics used with chi-square test for evaluating dichotomous variables. Log rank test was used to compare survival rates. The population data was obtained from the 2011 Census.
resultsThere were 30,566 CKD/CKDu patients in the North Central Province. Incidence of 0.10 in 2009, 0.39 in 2016 in Anuradhapura district, decreased slightly to 0.29 in 2017. Incidence of 0.09 in 2009, 0.46 in 2016 in Polonnaruwa district, decreased slightly to 0.41 in 2017. The point prevalence in high incidence areas ranged from 2.44-4.35. The 5 year survival rate was 71.2 (Anuradhapura 72.4 and Polonnaruwa 68.3, p = 0.0212). More than 70, 40 and 33% of patients were over 50, 60 and 70 years of age respectively. A male preponderance was seen in all the divisional areas (ranging from 1.3:1 to 2.6:1) and in all the age groups. Farmers were the most affected (70.6% Anuradhapura district and 65.1% Polonnaruwa district). Majority in CKD stage I (4943, 69.6%). There were 1685 deaths (17.5% of total CKD/CKDu patients, 67.6% of total deaths in CKD/CKDu patients) occurring within the first 3 years of diagnosis. GPS mapping shows that there is a clustering of households with CKD/CKDu.
conclusionsThe incidence of CKD/CKDu increased up to 2016 with a slight decrease in 2017. The most vulnerable age group was 40 to 60 years. There is a male preponderance. Farmers at a higher risk. Majority were in CKD stage 1. More than two thirds of the deaths of CKD/CKDu patients occurred within three years of diagnosis with disparities in 5 year survival rate among the two districts. There is clustering of cases.
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