ArticleSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2019
The Crystallinity and Aspect Ratio of Cellulose Nanomaterials Determine Their Pro-Inflammatory and Immune Adjuvant Effects In Vitro and In Vivo.
Article in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- NLRP3 inflammasome activation by particles and fibers: implications for human hazard assessment.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Ion channel/Stat6-driven nano-immune programming of tissue-resident macrophages by amide-functionalized nanocellulose.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Nanofibrillar Cellulose Hydrogels with Anionic Surface Modifications for Modulating Macrophage Phenotype in 3D Culture.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- Kombucha Versus Vegetal Cellulose for Affordable Mucoadhesive (nano)Formulations.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Water vapor transport properties of bio-based multilayer materials determined by original and complementary methods.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Stimulus-Responsive Hydrogels as Drug Delivery Systems for Inflammation Targeted Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Liver-Targeting Nanoplatforms for the Induction of Immune Tolerance.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Insight into the Latest Medical Applications of Nanocellulose.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Natural Polymeric Composites Derived from Animals, Plants, and Microbes for Vaccine Delivery and Adjuvant Applications: A Review.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Dynamic degradation patterns of porous polycaprolactone/β-tricalcium phosphate composites orchestrate macrophage responses and immunoregulatory bone regeneration.Bioactive materials · 2023Article
- Agarose/crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) composites promote bone marrow-derived mast cell integrity, degranulation and receptor expression but inhibit production ofFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Diverse Pathways of Engineered Nanoparticle-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Preparation and Characterization of 3D-Printed Biobased Composites Containing Micro- or Nanocrystalline Cellulose.Polymers · 2022Article
- Phosphonate-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals Potentiate the Th1 Polarising Capacity of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells via GABA-B Receptor.International journal of nanomedicine · 2022Article
- Polymer-Based Nanosystems-A Versatile Delivery Approach.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Core Hydrophobicity of Supramolecular Nanoparticles Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2021Article
- Nanocellulose Length Determines the Differential Cytotoxic Effects and Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages and Hepatocytes.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2021Article
- Nanotoxicology and Nanomedicine: The Yin and Yang of Nano-Bio Interactions for the New Decade.Nano today · 2021Article
- Understanding the in vivo Fate of Advanced Materials by Imaging.Advanced functional materials · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Nanocellulose is increasingly considered for applications; however, the fibrillar nature, crystalline phase, and surface reactivity of these high aspect ratio nanomaterials need to be considered for safe biomedical use. Here a comprehensive analysis of the impact of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and nanocrystals (CNC) is performed using materials provided by the Nanomaterial Health Implications Research Consortium of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. An intermediary length of nanocrystals is also derived by acid hydrolysis. While all CNFs and CNCs are devoid of cytotoxicity, 210 and 280 nm fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled CNCs show higher cellular uptake than longer and shorter CNCs or CNFs. Moreover, CNCs in the 200-300 nm length scale are more likely to induce lysosomal damage, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and IL-1β production than CNFs. The pro-inflammatory effects of CNCs are correlated with higher crystallinity index, surface hydroxyl density, and reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, CNFs and CNCs can induce maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and CNCs (and to a lesser extent CNFs) are found to exert adjuvant effects in ovalbumin (OVA)-injected mice, particularly for 210 and 280 nm CNCs. All considered, the data demonstrate the importance of length scale, crystallinity, and surface reactivity in shaping the innate immune response to nanocellulose.
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