ArticleAndrologia2019
High prevalence of urogenital infection/inflammation in patients with azoospermia does not impede surgical sperm retrieval.
Article in Andrologia, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune-modulating medications: the masquerading culprit of epididymo-orchitis.BMJ case reports · 2026Article
- Differentiating between obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia: A machine learning-based approach.BJUI compass · 2025Article
- State-of-the-art approaches in the investigation of human seminal bacteriome using metagenomic methods.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Review
- Impaired Spermatogenesis in Infertile Patients with Orchitis and Experimental Autoimmune Orchitis in Rats.Biology · 2024Article
- Proteomic biomarkers in seminal plasma as predictors of reproductive potential in azoospermic men.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Azoospermic Patients to Distinguish Obstructive from Non-Obstructive Azoospermia, and Necessity of Diagnostic Testis Biopsy: A Retrospective Study.International journal of fertility & sterility · 2022Article
- Increase of leucocyte-derived extracellular traps (ETs) in semen samples from human acute epididymitis patients-a pilot study.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2020Article
- High prevalence of urogenital infection/inflammation in patients with azoospermia does not impede surgical sperm retrieval.Andrologia · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Considering infection/inflammation to be an important risk factor in male infertility, the aim of this study was to make a comprehensive evaluation of the prevalence of urogenital tract infection/inflammation and its potential impact on sperm retrieval in azoospermic patients. In this prospective study, 71 patients with azoospermia were subjected to an extensive andrological workup including comprehensive microbiological diagnostics (2-glass test, semen, testicular swab and testicular tissue analysis) and testicular biopsy/testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Medical history suggested urogenital tract infection/inflammation in 7% of patients, 11% harboured STIs, 14% showed significant bacteriospermia, 15% had seminal inflammation, 17% fulfilled the MAGI definition, and 27% had relevant pathogens. At the testicular level, 1 patient had a swab positive for bacteria, no viruses were detected, tissue specimens never indicated pathogens, whereas histopathology revealed focal immune cell infiltrates in 23% of samples. Testicular sperm retrieval rate was 100% in obstructive and 46% in nonobstructive azoospermia. None of the infection/inflammation-related variables was associated with the success of sperm retrieval or inflammatory lesions in the testis. The high prevalence of urogenital infection/inflammation among azoospermic men underpins their role as significant aetiologic factors in male infertility. However, this observation does not refer to the chances of sperm retrieval at the time of surgery/TESE.
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