ArticleBMJ open2019
Drivers who tested positive for cannabis in oral fluid: a longitudinal analysis of administrative data for Spain between 2011 and 2016.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Detection of ΔDrug testing and analysis · 2024Trial
- Trends in the Use of Driving-Impairing Medicines According to the DRUID Category: A Population-Based Registry Study with Reference to Driving in a Region of Spain between 2015 and 2019.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Increase in driving after cocaine use in Spain: a cross-sectional dataset analysis for 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Positivity to Cocaine and/or Benzoylecgonine in Confirmation Analyses for On-Road Tests in Spain.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- [Driving with a positive test result for alcohol in Spain in 2018.]Revista espanola de salud publica · 2020Article
- Benzodiazepines in the oral fluid of Spanish drivers.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2020Article
- The Trends in Opioid Use in Castile and Leon, Spain: A Population-Based Registry Analysis of Dispensations in 2015 to 2018.Journal of clinical medicine · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study aimed to assess the association between positive roadside tests for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other driving-impairing substances and THC concentrations and the age and gender of THC-positive drivers.
designThis study is based on administrative data. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND EXPOSURES: National administrative data on drivers who tested positive in confirmation analysis of driving-impairing substances in oral fluid were assessed (2011-2016, 179 645 tests). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequencies of positivity for THC, THC alone and THC plus non-THC substances (stratification by age and gender in 2016) and THC concentration were obtained. Comparisons and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed.
resultsOf the 65 244 confirmed drug-positive tests, 51 869 were positive for THC (79.5%). In 50.8% of the THC-positive tests, cocaine and amphetamines were also detected. Positivity for THC and non-THC substances predominated among drivers with low THC concentrations and represented 58.6% of those with levels lower than 25 ng/mL. The mean±SD for age was 29.6±7.7 years (year 2016, n=24 941). Men accounted for 96.3% of all THC-positive drivers. With increasing age, positivity for THC decreased (OR 0.948; 95% CI 0.945 to 0.952; p<0.0001), and positivity for THC and non-THC substances increased (OR 1.021; 95% CI 1.017 to 1.024; p<0.0001). Men were associated with higher THC concentrations (OR 1.394; 95% CI 1.188 to 1.636; p<0.0001).
conclusionsCannabis positivity is frequent among drivers, and polysubstance use is common. Hence, focusing on younger drivers and those with low THC concentrations is encouraged. This study provides evidence on the current implementation of roadside drug testing in Spain and aims to characterise driving under the influence (DUI) of cannabis to increase the awareness of all involved to help them avoid DUI.
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