Observational studyInternational psychogeriatrics2019
Independent and joint effects of vascular and cardiometabolic risk factor pairs for risk of all-cause dementia: a prospective population-based study.
Observational study in International psychogeriatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Domain-specific physical activity levels and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Public health · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Physical activity as a protective factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review, meta-analysis and quality assessment of cohort and case-control studies.British journal of sports medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Cardiovascular Risk as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Plasma Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers and Cognitive Status.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Review
- The Population Neuroscience-Dementia Syndemics Framework to better understand global sex and gender-based risk in low- and middle-income countries.Nature aging · 2026Review
- The glymphatic system as a therapeutic target: TMS-induced modulation in older adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Peripheral and central auditory dysfunction, cardiometabolic multimorbidity, and cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure: molecular mechanism and therapy.Heart failure reviews · 2023Review
- Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Dementia Incidence in Older Adults: A Cross-Country Comparison in England, the United States, and China.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023Article
- Cerebrovascular response to exercise interacts with individual genotype and amyloid-beta deposition to influence response inhibition with aging.Neurobiology of aging · 2022Article
- Cardiometabolic multimorbidity, genetic risk, and dementia: a prospective cohort study.The lancet. Healthy longevity · 2022Article
- A guide for researchers seeking training in retrospective data harmonization for population neuroscience studies of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.Frontiers in neuroimaging · 2022Article
- Antidepressant Shugan Jieyu Capsule Alters Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Microbiome Function in Rats With Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress -Induced Depression.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- A training program for researchers in population neuroimaging: Early experiences.Frontiers in neuroimaging · 2022Review
- Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: An early career researcher perspective.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
- Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal blood flow for hypertensive Apolipoprotein E4 carriers.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2021Article
- Childhood infectious diseases and old age cognitive functioning: a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older adults.International psychogeriatrics · 2021Article
- Effects of physical activities on dementia-related biomarkers: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.) · 2020Review
- Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: beyond individual risk factors.International psychogeriatrics · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo assess independent and joint effects of pairs of vascular and cardiometabolic risk factors (VCMRFs) in relation to risk of all-cause dementia.
designPopulation-based longitudinal cohort study of cognitive impairment. We used an algorithm to select pairs of VCMRFs and tested their joint effects in time-dependent Cox models. We used attributable proportions (AP) to measure the proportion of risk from interactions beyond any additive effect.
settingEconomically depressed small-town population.
participantsAdults age 65+ years with up to 10 yearly study visits (N=1701, median (Q1, Q3) age, 78 (71.0, 83.0), 62.3% female, 94.9% white).
resultsAmong 1701 participants free from prevalent dementia with at least one follow-up visit, 109 developed incident all-cause dementia. In pairings of APOE*4 with hypertension (HTN) and congestive heart failure (CHF), the variables contributed independently and additively to all-cause dementia risk. In pairings of APOE*4 with stroke and stroke with CHF, the variables demonstrated independent contributions to all-cause dementia risk; their joint effects showed excess detriment demonstrating synergistic interactions (joint HR [95% CI]: 28.33 [6.74, 119.01] and 50.30 [14.57, 173.57] respectively, fully adjusted models). Physical activity (PA) was independently associated with lower all-cause dementia risk when paired with APOE*4, stroke, and CHF in unadjusted models; these associations did not survive covariate adjustment. The joint effect of low PA and APOE*4 was associated with additively increased all-cause dementia risk (joint HR [95% CI]: 4.61 [2.07, 10.23], fully adjusted model).
conclusionsReduction of VCMRFs, including low PA, could be valuable for dementia prevention, especially among APOE*4 carriers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.