Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31455307›Full record

ArticleBMC health services research2019

Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: a prevalence based cost-of-illness study.

Afsana Afroz, Khurshid Alam, Liaquat Ali, Afsana Karim, Mohammed J Alramadan, Samira Humaira Habib, Dianna J Magliano, Baki Billah

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC health services research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
40citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
7.8field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Barriers to the Use of Insulin Therapy and Potential Solutions: A Narrative Review of Perspectives from the Asia-Pacific Region.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Afsana AfrozDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St. Kilda Rd., Level 4, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
Khurshid AlamSchool of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Liaquat AliBangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Afsana KarimBangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Mohammed J AlramadanDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St. Kilda Rd., Level 4, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
Samira Humaira HabibBangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dianna J MaglianoDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St. Kilda Rd., Level 4, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
Baki BillahDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St. Kilda Rd., Level 4, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. baki.billah@monash.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9226-4895
Monash University · AUBangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · BDBaker Heart and Diabetes Institute · AUBangladesh University of Health Sciences · BDThe University of Western Australia · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe economic burden of type 2 diabetes has not been adequately investigated in many low- and lower middle-income countries, including Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes and to find its determinants in Bangladesh.

methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 to recruit 1253 participants with type 2 diabetes from six diabetes hospitals, providing primary to tertiary health care services, located in the northern and central regions of Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire was used for face-to-face interviewing to collect non-clinical data. Patients' medical records were reviewed for clinical data and hospital records were reviewed for hospitalisation data. Cost was calculated from the patient's perspective using a bottom-up methodology. The direct costs for each patient and indirect costs for each patient and their attendants were calculated. The micro-costing approach was used to calculate direct cost and the human capital approach was used to calculate indirect cost. Median regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of average annual cost.

resultsAmong the participants, 54% were male. The mean (±SD) age was 55.1 ± 12.5 years and duration of diabetes was 10.7 ± 7.7 years. The average annual cost was US$864.7 per patient. Medicine cost accounted for 60.7% of the direct cost followed by a hospitalisation cost of 27.7%. The average annual cost for patients with hospitalisation was 4.2 times higher compared to those without hospitalisation. Being females, use of insulin, longer duration of diabetes, and presence of diabetes complications were significantly related to the average annual cost per patient.

conclusionsThe cost of diabetes care is considerably high in Bangladesh, and it is primarily driven by the medicine and hospitalisation costs. Optimisation of diabetes management by positive lifestyle changes is urgently required for prevention of comorbidities and complications, which in turn will reduce the cost.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessAdultAgedBangladeshComorbidityCross-Sectional StudiesDiabetes ComplicationsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Drug CostsFemaleHumansInterviews as TopicMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceQualitative ResearchBurden of diabetesCost-of-illnessDirect costIndirect costManagement planType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID31455307
PMCPMC6712789
OpenAlexW2970557481

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.