ReviewToxins2019
Immunogenicity Associated with Botulinum Toxin Treatment.
Review in Toxins, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06195241 (The Safety and Efficacy of DaxibotulinumtoxinA-Lanm for Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm), which is not on this map. Cited by 97 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Safety and Efficacy of DaxibotulinumtoxinA-Lanm for Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Secondary Treatment Failure and Immunogenicity With Botulinum Neurotoxin A in Multiple Indications.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination or Infection on the Safety and Efficacy of Aesthetic Injections: A Systematic Review.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effect and longevity of botulinum toxin in the treatment of gummy smile: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.Clinical oral investigations · 2022Pooled it
- NivobotulinumtoxinA in the Treatment of Lateral Canthal Lines Alone and With Concurrent Treatment of Glabellar Lines.Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] · 2026Trial
- Efficacy and safety of intradetrusor abobotulinumtoxinA and incobotulinumtoxinA in women with overactive bladder and the value of local anesthesia: a randomized clinical study.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Immunogenicity of DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection in Glabellar Lines.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2023Trial
- Treatment of cervical dystonia with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.Medicine · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Letibotulinumtoxin A in the Treatment of Glabellar Lines: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2022Trial
- Pridinol treatment in cervical dystonia: improvement of non-motor symptoms.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Catamenial loss of botulinum toxin efficacy successfully managed with tamoxifen: A case report.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- Botulinum Toxin in Children and Adolescents-A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Applications.Toxins · 2026Review
- Review
- [Expert consensus in Southwest China on the application of botulinum toxin type A in upper and mid-facial aesthetics].Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology · 2026Article
- Article
- In Vivo Model of Short-Term Efficacy and Favorable Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type E Compared with Type A.Toxins · 2026Article
- Patient Perceptions of a Preventive Effect of Long-Term Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy in Cervical Dystonia.Toxins · 2026Article
- Real-World Retrospective Safety Analysis of OnabotulinumtoxinA for the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Migraine and Concomitant Therapeutic Indications.Pain and therapy · 2026Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been used for the treatment of a variety of neurologic, medical and cosmetic conditions. Two serotypes, type A (BoNT-A) and type B (BoNT-B), are currently in clinical use. While considered safe and effective, their use has been rarely complicated by the development of antibodies that reduce or negate their therapeutic effect. The presence of antibodies has been attributed to shorter dosing intervals (and booster injections), higher doses per injection cycle, and higher amounts of antigenic protein. Other factors contributing to the immunogenicity of BoNT include properties of each serotype, such as formulation, manufacturing, and storage of the toxin. Some newer formulations with purified core neurotoxin devoid of accessory proteins may have lower overall immunogenicity. Several assays are available for the detection of antibodies, including both structural assays such as ELISA and mouse-based bioassays, but there is no consistent correlation between these antibodies and clinical response. Prevention and treatment of antibody-associated non-responsiveness is challenging and primarily involves the use of less immunogenic formulations of BoNT, waiting for the spontaneous disappearance of the neutralizing antibody, and switching to an immunologically alternate type of BoNT.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.