ReviewAnnals of medicine
Insulin resistance takes center stage: a new paradigm in the progression of bipolar disorder.
Review in Annals of medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- HbA1c and Cognitive Functioning Across Bipolar Disorder, Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder, and Schizophrenia: Findings from a Non-Diabetic Sample.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation in bipolar disorder: Pathophysiological insights and therapeutic perspectives.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists as emerging therapeutics in bipolar disorder: a narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Treatment of obesity with liraglutide in bipolar disorder: a case report.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prevalence of insulin resistance and its associated factors in drug-naïve patients with bipolar disorder among Han Chinese population.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Antidiabetic Agents for Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Aerobic Exercise Improves the Overall Outcome of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among People With Mental Disorders.Depression and anxiety · 2024Review
- Case report: Ketogenic diet alleviated anxiety and depression associated with insulin-dependent diabetes management.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Influence of Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits on the Values of Insulin Resistance Indicators in 386,924 Spanish Workers.Nutrients · 2023Observational
- Cognitive Impairment Mechanism in Patients with Bipolar Disorder.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2023Review
- Review
- The Elusive "Switch Process" in Bipolar Disorder and Photoperiodism: A Hypothesis Centering on NADPH Oxidase-Generated Reactive Oxygen Species Within the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- The Ketogenic Diet for Refractory Mental Illness: A Retrospective Analysis of 31 Inpatients.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Editorial: Cardiovascular and Physical Health in Severe Mental Illness.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Insulin Resistance and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Underlie Neuroprogression in Bipolar Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Glucose Metabolism, Thyroid Function, and Prolactin Level in Adolescent Patients With First Episode of Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Ketamine in Bipolar Disorder: A Review.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2020Review
- Blood-brain barrier imaging as a potential biomarker for bipolar disorder progression.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a major psychiatric illness affecting up to 5% of the population. BD can progress over time to a chronic "neuroprogressive" course with cognitive and functional impairment. Currently, there are no validated predictors indicating which patients will develop a neuroprogressive course and there are no specific treatments. This review presents data supporting a novel hypothesis on the mechanisms underlying bipolar neuroprogression. Insulin resistance (IR) is present in 52% of BD patients and is associated with chronic course, treatment nonresponse, adverse brain changes and cognitive impairment. Further, bipolar morbidity increases 12-fold following the onset of IR indicating that IR may modify disease progression. I review evidence that IR is a testable and treatable modifying factor in neuroprogression and that reversing IR may be an efficient (and perhaps the only) means of obtaining remission in some patients. I draw a parallel with
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.