ReviewDiabetologia2019
Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course.
Review in Diabetologia, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 185 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
185 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence of youth type 2 diabetes in global Indigenous populations: a systematic review.Diabetologia · 2026Pooled it
- Sex differences in the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular and renal outcome trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Dose-Response Relationship Between Physical Activity and the Morbidity and Mortality of Cardiovascular Disease Among Individuals With Diabetes: Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Pooled it
- Boys and girls differ in their rationale behind eating: a systematic review of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in dietary habits across countries.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Sex Differences in Physical Activity Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Across the Life Span: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Diabetes care · 2022Pooled it
- Antecedent of Pregnancy-Related Cardiometabolic Complication and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Women With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Exploring sex-specific causal links between thousands of proteins and lipid metabolism using the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project data.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex-specific roles of insulin-like growth factor-1, lean mass and fat mass in type 2 diabetes prevention: Mendelian randomization studies in Western and East Asian populations.Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Sex differences in the impact of sedentary time on early-onset metabolic multimorbidity: evidence from a study of over 20,000 young adults.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications in Women and Young Adults.Current epidemiology reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Gender Differences in Major Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Mexican Adults.Global heart · 2026Article
- Composite risk of cardiovascular disease comorbidity in people living with diabetes in Africa.Cardiovascular endocrinology & metabolism · 2025Article
- Article
- Correlation between time in range and mild cognitive impairment in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2025Article
- Perceptions of barriers and facilitators to healthy eating: a photovoice study in a Colombian Caribbean community with diabetes risk factors.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Associations between sex hormones and obesity-related indicators: results from the NHANES and Mendelian randomization study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Position Statement on Cardiometabolic Health Across the Woman's Life Course - 2025.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2025Article
125 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
By 2017 estimates, diabetes mellitus affects 425 million people globally; approximately 90-95% of these have type 2 diabetes. This narrative review highlights two domains of sex differences related to the burden of type 2 diabetes across the life span: sex differences in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes, and sex differences in the cardiovascular burden conferred by type 2 diabetes. In the presence of type 2 diabetes, the difference in the absolute rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) between men and women lessens, albeit remaining higher in men. Large-scale observational studies suggest that type 2 diabetes confers 25-50% greater excess risk of incident CVD in women compared with men. Physiological and behavioural mechanisms that may underpin both the observed sex differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the associated cardiovascular burden are discussed in this review. Gender differences in social behavioural norms and disparities in provider-level treatment patterns are also highlighted, but not described in detail. We conclude by discussing research gaps in this area that are worthy of further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.