Observational studyNutrients2019
Brain-Behavior-Immune Interaction: Serum Cytokines and Growth Factors in Patients with Eating Disorders at Extremes of the Body Mass Index (BMI) Spectrum.
Observational study in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- An evidence review of the association of immune and inflammatory markers with obesity-related eating behaviors.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review on the role of microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of eating disorders.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2020Pooled it
- Polaprezinc (Zinc-L-Carnosine Complex) as an Add-on Therapy for Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa, and the Possible Involvement of Zinc Deficiency in These Conditions: A Pilot Study.Journal of clinical psychopharmacologyTrial
- Cytokines and adolescent anorexia nervosa: a case-control study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Multimodal (Bio)Markers and Risk of Obesity - A Comprehensive Scoping Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Article
- Cytokine concentrations in people with eating disorders: A comprehensive updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Vascular endothelial growth factor: a key factor in the onset and treatment of depression.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Elevated interleukin-6 in women with binge-eating spectrum disorders.The International journal of eating disorders · 2024Article
- Cytokine and Microbiome Changes in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa at Admission, Discharge, and One-Year Follow-Up.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Actigraphy Analysis of Sleep Associates with Salivary IL-6 Concentration in Institutionalized Older Individuals.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Anorexia Nervosa in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Causality Dilemma.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Clinical and Peripheral Biomarkers in Female Patients Affected by Anorexia: Does the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Affect Severity?Nutrients · 2023Article
- The Association of Obesity and Overweight with Executive Functions in Community-Dwelling Older Women.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Does NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 Influence Eating Behaviors in Obese Patients with Binge Eating Disorder? Toward a Neurobiological Pathway.Nutrients · 2023Article
- The Influence of Body Mass Index on Growth Factor Composition in the Platelet-Rich Plasma in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Dietary Risk Factors and Eating Behaviors in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD).International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Stress Granules Determine the Development of Obesity-Associated Pancreatic Cancer.Cancer discovery · 2022Article
- Lower serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their association with gut microbiota in a longitudinal study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Impact of the Innate Inflammatory Response on ICU Admission and Death in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.Biomedicines · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Alterations of the immune system are known in eating disorders (EDs), however the importance of cytokine balance in this context has not been clarified. We compared cytokines and growth factors at opposite ends of BMI ranges, in 90 patients classified in relation to BMI, depressive and EDs comorbidities. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were determined by a biochip analyzer (Randox Labs). Differences were calculated through ANOVA. Possible predictors of higher cytokine levels were evaluated through regression analysis. IL-1α, IL-10, EGF, and IFN-γ were altered individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and binge eating disorder (BED). Night-eating was associated with IL-8 and EGF levels, IL-10 concentrations with post-dinner eating and negatively with sweet-eating, long fasting with higher IFN-γ levels. IL-2 increase was not linked to EDs, but to the interaction of depression and BMI. Altogether, for the first time, IL-1α, IL-10, EGF, and IFN-γ were shown to differ between AN and HCs, and between AN and individuals with obesity with or without BED. Only IL-2 was influenced by depression. Dysfunctional eating behaviors predicted abnormal concentrations of IL-10, EGF, IL-8 and IFN-γ.
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