Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31450753›Full record

ReviewMicroorganisms2019

Does Soil Contribute to the Human Gut Microbiome?

Winfried E H Blum, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Katharina M Keiblinger

Registry-linked trialAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Microorganisms, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07742319 (The Effect of Soil Biodiversity on Human Gut Microbiome), which is not on this map. Cited by 71 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
71citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07742319 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

The Effect of Soil Biodiversity on Human Gut Microbiome: a Process Pilot Study (The HUMANITAS Study)

TypeinterventionalSponsorLeiden University Medical CenterRan2026 to 2026Enrolled10ConditionsPilot StudyArmsLow diversity vegetable smoothie, High diversity vegetable smoothie
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

71 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. InferiorMicrobial genomics · 2024
    Pooled it
  3. Article
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  5. Review
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  14. Harnessing Evolution and Biomimetics to Enhance Planetary Health: Kidney Insights.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025
    Review
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  17. Review
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11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Winfried E H BlumInstitute of Soil Research, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria.ORCID 0000-0002-1279-5002
Sophie Zechmeister-BoltensternInstitute of Soil Research, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
Katharina M KeiblingerInstitute of Soil Research, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria. Katharina.keiblinger@boku.ac.at.ORCID 0000-0003-4668-3866

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Soil and the human gut contain approximately the same number of active microorganisms, while human gut microbiome diversity is only 10% that of soil biodiversity and has decreased dramatically with the modern lifestyle. We tracked relationships between the soil microbiome and the human intestinal microbiome. We propose a novel environmental microbiome hypothesis, which implies that a close linkage between the soil microbiome and the human intestinal microbiome has evolved during evolution and is still developing. From hunter-gatherers to an urbanized society, the human gut has lost alpha diversity. Interestingly, beta diversity has increased, meaning that people in urban areas have more differentiated individual microbiomes. On top of little contact with soil and feces, hygienic measures, antibiotics and a low fiber diet of processed food have led to a loss of beneficial microbes. At the same time, loss of soil biodiversity is observed in many rural areas. The increasing use of agrochemicals, low plant biodiversity and rigorous soil management practices have a negative effect on the biodiversity of crop epiphytes and endophytes. These developments concur with an increase in lifestyle diseases related to the human intestinal microbiome. We point out the interference with the microbial cycle of urban human environments versus pre-industrial rural environments. In order to correct these interferences, it may be useful to adopt a different perspective and to consider the human intestinal microbiome as well as the soil/root microbiome as 'superorganisms' which, by close contact, replenish each other with inoculants, genes and growth-sustaining molecules.

Indexed as

global changegut microbiotahuman healthland uselifestylenutritionorganic-agriculturesoil biodiversitysoil microbiologyurbanization

Identifiers

PMID31450753
PMCPMC6780873

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.