ArticleClinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science2019
Probabilistic Learning by Positive and Negative Reinforcement in Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Article in Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dual process impairments in reinforcement learning and working memory systems underlie learning deficits in physiological anxiety.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Atypical pupil-linked arousal induced by low-risk probabilistic choices, and intolerance of uncertainty in adults with ASD.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Reviewing explore/exploit decision-making as a transdiagnostic target for psychosis, depression, and anxiety.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2024Review
- The Ending Effect in the Domain of Gambling: The Effect of Gain-Loss Status on Economic Decision-Making.Journal of gambling studies · 2024Article
- The Contrast Avoidance Model: Conclusion and synthesis of new research in the special issue.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2024Article
- Examining social reinforcement learning in social anxiety.Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry · 2023Article
- Contrast avoidance predicts and mediates the effect of trait worry on problem-solving impairment.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2023Article
- The naturalistic reinforcement of worry from positive and negative emotional contrasts: Results from a momentary assessment study within social interactions.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This experiment examined learning tendencies in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) using reinforcement feedback for probabilistic outcomes. One hundred sixty-six GAD and 105 non-GAD participants were randomized to a computerized probabilistic learning task that used either negative or positive reinforcement. Participants chose between stimuli with specific probabilities of reinforcement to learn which of each pair had the highest probability. Reinforced choices either removed an angry face (negative reinforcement) or made a happy face appear (positive reinforcement). Results showed that those with GAD learned the correct probabilistic choices at a slower rate over time and to a lesser degree than control participants regardless of reinforcement type. Estimations of the likelihood of receiving a good outcome posttask were also more inaccurate for those with GAD, especially when true likelihoods were high. Furthermore, compared with control participants, those with GAD reported lower perceived reinforcement sensitivity, higher behavioral inhibition sensitivity, and higher undesirable feelings toward probabilistic learning.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.