ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2019
Eye Blink Rates and Eyelid Twitches as a Non-Invasive Measure of Stress in the Domestic Horse.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Technologies for equine welfare and performance monitoring under field conditions - Where do we stand?Equine veterinary journal · 2026Review
- Spontaneous eye blink rate indicates increased attention during grooming in female Barbary macaques.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multi-Modal Feature Fusion and Hierarchical Classification for Automated Equine-Human Interaction Behavior Recognition.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- When touch is stressful: acute endocrine and behavioral responses of domestic rabbits to unfamiliar human handling.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Social enrichment mitigates facial expressions and physiological indicators of short-term stress in horses.PloS one · 2026Article
- Facial pressure beneath a cavesson noseband adjusted to different tightness levels during standing and chewing.Equine veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Auditory enrichment on facial and physiological responses of Pantaneiro geldings and mares under short-term stress.PloS one · 2025Article
- Influence of lighting on sleep behaviour, circadian rhythm and spontaneous blink rate in stabled riding school horses (Equus caballus).PloS one · 2025Article
- Automated video-based pain recognition in cats using facial landmarks.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Spontaneous eye blinks in horses (Equus caballus) are modulated by attention.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Automated landmark-based cat facial analysis and its applications.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Red deerEcology and evolution · 2023Article
- Assessing the impact of draught load pulling on welfare in equids.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Review
- Article
- Thermographic ranges of dromedary camels during physical exercise: applications for physical health/welfare monitoring and phenotypic selection.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Perceptions of Fear and Anxiety in Horses as Reported in Interviews with Equine Behaviourists.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- A new easily accessible and practical method for dynapenia screening: blink rate.Irish journal of medical science · 2021Article
- Attitudes of the Equestrian Public towards Equine End-of-Life Decisions.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Measuring Farm Animal Emotions-Sensor-Based Approaches.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Physiological changes provide indices of stress responses, however, behavioural measures may be easier to determine. Spontaneous eye blink rate has potential as a non-invasive indicator of stress. Eyelid movements, along with heart rate (HR) and behaviour, from 33 horses were evaluated over four treatments: (1) control-horse in its normal paddock environment; (2) feed restriction-feed was withheld at regular feeding time; (3) separation-horse was removed from visual contact with their paddock mates; and (4) startle test-a ball was suddenly thrown on the ground in front of the horse. HR data was collected every five s throughout each three min test. Eyelid movements and behaviours were retrospectively determined from video recordings. A generalized linear mixed model (GLIMMIX) procedure with Sidak's multiple comparisons of least squares means demonstrated that both full blinks (16 ± 12
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.