ReviewFrontiers in psychology2019
Complex Motor Learning and Police Training: Applied, Cognitive, and Clinical Perspectives.
Review in Frontiers in psychology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 125 citations in OpenAlex.
- A new idea in skill acquisition of children: coordinating motor competence with motor learning strategies.BMC pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Neural correlates of fine motor grasping skills: Longitudinal insights into motor cortex activation using fNIRS.Brain and behavior · 2024Trial
- Linking Psychophysiological Markers To Situational Performance: An EEG Study of Police Cadets during Critical Incident Simulations.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2026Article
- Assessing the psychometric properties of Hindi-translated dispositional resilience (hardiness) scale and cognitive flexibility scale among police personnel.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- EEG-Based Prediction of Stress Responses to Naturalistic Decision-Making Stimuli in Police Cadets.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The general intervention model of policing: a narrative review of the literature.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- A virtual reality test to evaluate dismounted soldiers' cognitive and psychomotor performance in an operationally relevant setting.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- A trans-disciplinary approach to assessing police responses to mental heath crisis: development of the de-escalating persons in crisis competencies tool (DePICT).Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Physiological stress differentially impacts cognitive performance during-and memory following-simulated police encounters with persons experiencing a mental health crisis.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Psychophysiological insights and user perspectives: enhancing police de-escalation skills through full-body VR training.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Effects of the Task Complexity on the Single Movement Response Time of Upper and Lower Limbs in Police Officers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Experience-Dependent Effects to Situational Awareness in Police Officers: An Eye Tracking Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Deep-Breathing Biofeedback Trainability in a Virtual-Reality Action Game: A Single-Case Design Study With Police Trainers.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Influence of Imagery Training on Adjusting the Pressure of Fin Swimmers, Improving Sports Performance and Stabilizing Psychological Quality.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Applying Heart Rate Variability to Monitor Health and Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Perception during use of force and the likelihood of firing upon an unarmed person.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Considering Objective and Subjective Measures for Police Use of Force Evaluation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Critical Review of Visual Models for Police Use of Force Decision-Making.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Breathing Biofeedback for Police Officers in a Stressful Virtual Environment: Challenges and Opportunities.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Police Training in Practice: Organization and Delivery According to European Law Enforcement Agencies.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The practices surrounding police training of complex motor skills, including the use of force, varies greatly around the world, and even over the course of an officer's career. As the nature of policing changes with society and the advancement of science and technology, so should the training practices that officers undertake at both central (i.e., police academy basic recruit training) and local (i.e., individual agency or precinct) levels. The following review is intended to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and applied practice to inform best practices for training complex motor skills that are unique and critical to law enforcement, including the use of lethal force. We begin by providing a basic understanding of the fundamental cognitive processes underlying motor learning, from novel skill acquisition to complex behaviors including situational awareness, and decision-making that precede and inform action. Motor learning, memory, and perception are then discussed within the context of occupationally relevant stress, with a review of evidence-based training practices that promote officer performance and physiological responses to stress during high-stakes encounters. A lack of applied research identifying the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor learning in police is inferred from a review of evidence from various clinical populations suffering from disorders of cognitive and motor systems, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and stroke. We conclude this review by identifying practical, organizational, and systemic challenges to implementing evidence-based practices in policing and provide recommendations for best practices that will promote training effectiveness and occupational safety of end-users (i.e., police trainers and officers).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.