SynthesisClinical pharmacokinetics2020
Pharmacokinetics and Target Attainment of Antibiotics in Critically Ill Children: A Systematic Review of Current Literature.
Synthesis in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07484633 (A Protocol of a Randomised, Two-arm Superiority Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Extended and Intermittent Infusion of Beta-lactams in Critically Ill Paediatric Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 67 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Protocol of a Randomised, Two-arm Superiority Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Extended and Intermittent Infusion of Beta-lactams in Critically Ill Paediatric Patients
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rate of bacterial positivity following antibiotic initiation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Nephrotoxicity Among Neonates Receiving Vancomycin: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Paediatric drugs · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of the effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on patient health outcomes during treatment with penicillins.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Pooled it
- Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin in Critically Ill Children: A Systematic Review.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2022Pooled it
- Dose optimization of β-lactams antibiotics in pediatrics and adults: A systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Target Attainment of Cefepime in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous cefotaxime indicates that higher doses are required for critically ill children.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Trial
- PK/PD Modeling of a Novel Pleuromutilin Derivative Pleuro2-4 against Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Chicks.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2026Article
- Population pharmacokinetics of piperacillin/tazobactam in critically ill pediatric patients.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Optimization of Cefotaxime Treatment in Intensive Care Patients: Impact of Inter- and Intra-patient Variability on Pharmacokinetics and Target Attainment.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Article
- Evaluation of two model-based Bayesian approaches for vancomycin dosing in general hospitalized patients.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2026Article
- Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials in a paediatric setting: A retrospective single-centre study.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Achieving therapeutic antibiotic levels during intermittent dosing of meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam in critically ill children: the ATACC study.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Observational
- Amikacin pharmacokinetics, target attainment, and predictors in critically ill children: a retrospective cohort.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Albumin and Other Plasma Proteins in Pediatric Patients: What, When, and How Much They Influence Antimicrobial Pharmacology.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2026Article
- Impact of eGFR estimation methods on drug dosing in pediatric ICU: a study of serum creatinine vs. cystatin C.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Design Optimization for Developing Population Pharmacokinetic Models in Critically Ill Children: Application to Teicoplanin, Piperacillin and Meropenem.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Article
- β-Lactam dosing in critically ill children: predictors for target non-attainment.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Observational
- Commentary: Artificial intelligence and precision medicine: a pilot study predicting optimal ceftaroline dosage for pediatric patients.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- Low Target Attainment of Intravenous Cefuroxime in Critically Ill Term Neonates and Children: A Pooled Population Pharmacokinetics Study.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPharmacokinetics (PK) are severely altered in critically ill patients due to changes in volume of distribution (Vd) and/or drug clearance (Cl). This affects the target attainment of antibiotics in critically ill children. We aimed to identify gaps in current knowledge and to compare published PK parameters and target attainment of antibiotics in critically ill children to healthy children and critically ill adults.
methodsSystematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Articles were labelled as relevant when they included information on PK of antibiotics in critically ill, non-neonatal, pediatric patients. Extracted PK-parameters included Vd, Cl, (trough) concentrations, AUC, probability of target attainment, and elimination half-life.
results50 relevant articles were identified. Studies focusing on vancomycin were most prevalent (17/50). Other studies included data on penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and aminoglycosides, but data on ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, penicillin and metronidazole could not be found. Critically ill children generally show a higher Cl and larger Vd than healthy children and critically ill adults. Reduced target-attainment was described in critically ill children for multiple antibiotics, including amoxicillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, gentamicin, teicoplanin, amikacin and daptomycin. 38/50 articles included information on both Vd and Cl, but a dosing advice was given in only 22 articles.
conclusionThe majority of studies focus on agents where TDM is applied, while other antibiotics lack data altogether. The larger Vd and higher Cl in critically ill children might warrant a higher dose or extended infusions of antibiotics in this patient population to increase target-attainment. Studies frequently fail to provide a dosing advice for this patient population, even if the necessary information is available. Our study shows gaps in current knowledge and encourages future researchers to provide dosing advice for special populations whenever possible.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.