ArticleDaru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences2019
Encapsulation of Leflunomide (LFD) in a novel niosomal formulation facilitated its delivery to THP-1 monocytic cells and enhanced Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) nuclear translocation and activation.
Article in Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- 20-Hydroxyecdysone-Loaded Niosomes as a Novel Nano-Therapeutic Platform for Psoriasis: In Vitro Characterization andPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- pH Gradient-Driven Loading of Doxorubicin into Niosomes: A Comparative Study Using Bromocresol Green as a Visual Indicator.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Embedded Hydrogels as a Promising Carrier for Retarding Irritation of Leflunomide.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Niosomal Curcumin Suppresses IL17/IL23 Immunopathogenic Axis in Skin Lesions of Psoriatic Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Understanding immune-modulatory efficacy in vitro.Chemico-biological interactions · 2022Review
- Fabrication, characterization and optimization of berberine-loaded PLA nanoparticles using coaxial electrospray for sustained drug release.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLeflunomide (LFD) is an Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist and immunomodulatory drug with several side effects. Niosomes are novel drug delivery systems used to reduce the unfavorable effects of drugs by enhancing their bioavailability, controlling their release and targeting specific sites.
objectivesHere, we prepared niosomal formulations of LFD, evaluated their properties and delivered to THP-1 monocytic cells to study the activation and nuclear translocation of AhR.
methodsFour types of non-ionic surfactants were utilized to formulate niosomes by thin film hydration (TFH) method. Entrapment efficiency (EE %) of niosomes were quantified and dynamic light scattering (DLS) was performed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to identify the morphology of LFD niosomes. Dialysis method was used to measure LFD release rate. MTS assay was adopted to examine the viability of the cells upon each treatment. The nuclear transfer of AhR was investigated by Immunocytochemistry (ICC). The mRNA expression of IL1β and CYP1A1 were evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR.
resultsSpan 60: cholesterol (1:1) showed the highest EE% (70.00 ± 6.24), largest particles (419.00 ± 4.16 nm) and the best uniformity with the lowest PDI (0.291 ± 0.007). TEM micrographs of Span 60 (1:1) nanoparticles showed conventional spherical vesicles with internal aqueous spaces. The release rate of LFD from Span 60 (1:1) vesicles was slower. Although the viability of LFD niosome-treated THP-1 cells was decreased, they were associated with lower cytotoxic effects compared with the free LFD counterparts. Both free and niosomal LFD treatments intensified the nuclear translocation of AhR. The mRNA expression of CYP1A1 was overexpressed while IL1β was downregulated in both free and niosomal LFD treated combinations.
conclusionLFD encapsulation in Span 60: cholesterol (1:1) niosomal formulation could be introduced as a suitable vehicle of transferring LFD to THP-1 cells, with minimal cytotoxic effects, enhancing the AhR nuclear translocation and activation and inducing immunomodulatory properties. Graphical abstract The Graphical abstract; it demonstrates the workflow of the study and summary of results in brief.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.