Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31431210›Full record

Observational studyEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin2019

Intense interseasonal influenza outbreaks, Australia, 2018/19.

Ian G Barr, Yi Mo Deng, Miguel L Grau, Alvin X Han, Robin Gilmour, Melissa Irwin, Peter Markey, Kevin Freeman, Geoff Higgins, Mark Turra and 6 more

Erratum issuedOpen access · diamondAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph

Observational study in Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 15 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
4.2field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. An interseasonal outbreak of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 related to a music festival, Denmark, August 2025.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025
    Article
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  13. Where has all the influenza gone? The impact of COVID-19 on the circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses, Australia, March to September 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2020
    Article
  14. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.

Ian G BarrWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Australia.
Yi Mo DengWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Australia.
Miguel L GrauDepartment of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
Alvin X HanBioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
Robin GilmourCommunicable Diseases Branch, Health Protection New South Wales, St. Leonards, Australia.
Melissa IrwinRapid Surveillance, Centre for Epidemiology, New South Wales Ministry of Health, St. Leonards, Australia.
Peter MarkeyCentre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
Kevin FreemanSerology/Molecular Biology Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory Government Health, Darwin, Australia.
Geoff HigginsMicrobiology and Infectious Disease Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
Mark TurraMicrobiology and Infectious Disease Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
Naomi KomadinaWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Australia.
Heidi PeckWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Australia.
Robert BooyNational Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), Westmead, Australia.
Sebastian Maurer-StrohDepartment of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Vijaykrishna DhanasekaranWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Australia.
Sheena SullivanWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Australia.
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory · AUNew South Wales Department of Health · AUSouth Australia Pathology · AUUniversity of Melbourne · AUAustralian Regenerative Medicine Institute · AUBioinformatics Institute · SGGovernment of the Northern Territory · AUNational University of Singapore · SGNorthern Territory Health Services · AUUniversity of Sydney · AU

Funding

NIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201400006C
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BackgroundInterseasonal influenza outbreaks are not unusual in countries with temperate climates and well-defined influenza seasons. Usually, these are small and diminish before the main influenza season begins. However, the 2018/19 summer-autumn interseasonal influenza period in Australia saw unprecedented large and widespread influenza outbreaks.AimOur objective was to determine the extent of the intense 2018/19 interseasonal influenza outbreaks in Australia epidemiologically and examine the genetic, antigenic and structural properties of the viruses responsible for these outbreaks.MethodsThis observational study combined the epidemiological and virological surveillance data obtained from the Australian Government Department of Health, the New South Wales Ministry of Health, sentinel outpatient surveillance, public health laboratories and data generated by the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in Melbourne and the Singapore Agency for Science, Technology and Research.ResultsThere was a record number of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases during the interseasonal period November 2018 to May 2019 (n= 85,286; 5 times the previous 3-year average) and also more institutional outbreaks, hospitalisations and deaths, than what is normally seen.ConclusionsThe unusually large interseasonal influenza outbreaks in 2018/19 followed a mild 2018 influenza season and resulted in a very early start to the 2019 influenza season across Australia. The reasons for this unusual event have yet to be fully elucidated but are likely to be a complex mix of climatic, virological and host immunity-related factors. These outbreaks reinforce the need for year-round surveillance of influenza, even in temperate climates with strong seasonality patterns.

Indexed as

Disease OutbreaksAdolescentAdultAgedAustraliaChildChild, PreschoolDisease NotificationFemaleHemagglutinins, ViralHumansInfantInfluenza A virusInfluenza B virusInfluenza, HumanMaleHemagglutinins, ViralAustraliahumaninfluenzaseasonality

Identifiers

PMID31431210
PMCPMC6702793
OpenAlexW2968124252

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.