ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2019
Type X strains of Toxoplasma gondii are virulent for southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and present in felids from nearby watersheds.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Validating a point-of-care test for Toxoplasma gondii infection in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).Parasitology research · 2026Article
- One Health, many voices: advances and challenges in toxoplasmosis discussed at the VII Brazilian symposium and IV international symposium on toxoplasmosis.One health outlook · 2026Article
- Parasite genotype is a risk factor forInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2026Article
- First report of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the sand-dune tuco-tuco (Ctenomys flamarioni) from southern Brazil.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2026Article
- Article
- Occurrence and characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-living Eurasian beavers, Castor fiber, from southern England.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review of Toxoplasmosis: What We Still Need to Do.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Detection ofInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2025Article
- Article
- Postmortem Findings in Free-Ranging North American Beavers (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from the placenta of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and potential transplacental transmission of the parasite.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2025Article
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- Article
- High prevalence and diversity of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in feral cat feces from coastal California.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Isolation and Characterization of a ViablePathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Viability and Desiccation Resistance ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Are foxes (Vulpes spp.) good sentinel species for Toxoplasma gondii in northern Canada?Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Toxoplasma gondii in the faeces of wild felids from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2022Article
- Human density is associated with the increased prevalence of a generalist zoonotic parasite in mammalian wildlife.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- A New Scalable Synthesis of ELQ-300, ELQ-316, and other Antiparasitic Quinolones.Organic process research & development · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Why some Toxoplasma gondii-infected southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) develop fatal toxoplasmosis while others have incidental or mild chronic infections has long puzzled the scientific community. We assessed robust datasets on T. gondii molecular characterization in relation to detailed necropsy and histopathology results to evaluate whether parasite genotype influences pathological outcomes in sea otters that stranded along the central California coast. Genotypes isolated from sea otters were also compared with T. gondii strains circulating in felids from nearby coastal regions to assess land-to-sea parasite transmission. The predominant T. gondii genotypes isolated from 135 necropsied sea otters were atypical Type X and Type X variants (79%), with the remainder (21%) belonging to Type II or Type II/X recombinants. All sea otters that died due to T. gondii as a primary cause of death were infected with Type X or X-variant T. gondii strains. The same atypical T. gondii strains were detected in sea otters with fatal toxoplasmosis and terrestrial felids from watersheds bordering the sea otter range. Our results confirm a land-sea connection for virulent T. gondii genotypes and highlight how faecal contamination can deliver lethal pathogens to coastal waters, leading to detrimental impacts on marine wildlife.
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