Observational studyPediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)2019
Indoxyl sulfate associates with cardiovascular phenotype in children with chronic kidney disease.
Observational study in Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Gut microbiota-targeted therapies in pediatric chronic kidney disease: gaps and opportunities.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Developmental Programming: Bridging Early-Life Gut Microbiota to Childhood Metabolic Disorders.Current medical science · 2026Review
- Pediatric and adult point of view on the gut-kidney axis in CKD.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Plasma Calmodulin as a Biomarker of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Gut-derived metabolites as treatment targets in chronic kidney disease-an avenue toward personalized medicine.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Investigation of a targeted panel of gut microbiome-derived toxins in children with chronic kidney disease.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Circulating Extracellular Vesicles as Putative Mediators of Cardiovascular Disease in Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Bidirectional Interaction Between Chronic Kidney Disease andJournal of immunology research · 2025Article
- Indoxyl sulfate induces retinal microvascular injury via COX-2/PGEJournal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Exploring systemic inflammation in children with chronic kidney disease: correlates of interleukin 6.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Chronic kidney disease mineral bone disorder in childhood and young adulthood: a 'growing' understanding.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Gut-immune axis and cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease.Clinical kidney journal · 2024Review
- Probiotics and Fecal Transplant: An Intervention in Delaying Chronic Kidney Disease Progression?Clinics and practice · 2023Article
- The Potential Influence of Uremic Toxins on the Homeostasis of Bones and Muscles in Chronic Kidney Disease.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Promotes Macrophage-Associated Low-Grade Inflammation and Epithelial Cell Senescence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Research progress on the relationship between IS and kidney disease and its complications.International urology and nephrology · 2022Review
- Cardiovascular Risks of Hypertension: Lessons from Children with Chronic Kidney Disease.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
30 authors at 20 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Serum levels of gut-derived uremic toxins increase with deterioration of kidney function and are associated with cardiac comorbidities in adult CKD patients.
methodsIndoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in serum of children participating in the Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with CKD (4C) Study. Results were correlated with measurements of the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), central pulse wave velocity (PWV), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in children aged 6-17 years with initial eGFR of 10-60 ml/min per 1.73 m
resultsThe median serum levels of total IS and of pCS, measured in 609 patients, were 5.3 μmol/l (8.7) and 17.0 μmol/l (21.6), respectively. In a multivariable regression model, IS and pCS showed significant positive associations with urea and negative associations with eGFR and uric acid. Furthermore, positive associations of pCS with age, serum albumin, and non-Mediterranean residency and a negative association with glomerular disease were observed. By multivariable regression analysis, only IS was significantly associated with a higher cIMT SDS at baseline and progression of PWV SDS within 12 months, independent of other risk factors.
conclusionsSerum levels of gut-derived uremic toxins IS and pCS correlated inversely with eGFR in children. Only IS was significantly associated with surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease in this large pediatric CKD cohort.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.