ReviewTranslational neurodegeneration2019
The interplay of aging, genetics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
Review in Translational neurodegeneration, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 234 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
234 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 386 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental epigenetic modifiers in neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review of epigenomic mechanisms and therapeutic targets.Frontiers in epigenetics and epigenomics · 2026Pooled it
- Curcumin as a potential therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Geospatial analysis of environmental atmospheric risk factors in neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review update.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Ambiental Factors in Parkinson's Disease Progression: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Hypoxia and Alpha-Synuclein: Inextricable Link Underlying the Pathologic Progression of Parkinson's Disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Association between microbiological risk factors and neurodegenerative disorders: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Supplementation with short-chain fatty acids and a prebiotic improves clinical outcome in Parkinson's disease: a randomized double-blind prospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Andrographolide: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Chronic Paraquat Neurotoxicity and Dopaminergic Degeneration: A Mechanistic Review.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2026Review
- Mitochondria-Targeted Nanotherapies in Aging Neurodegenerative Disorders: Emerging Prospects and Clinical Potential.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Rare Variants May Influence Disease Risk and Clinical Features in Sporadic Late-Onset Chinese Parkinson's Disease Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The glymphatic system and Parkinson's disease: a narrative review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Large-scale bidirectional arrayed genetic screens identify OXR1 and EMC4 as modifiers of αSynuclein aggregation.FEBS open bio · 2026Article
- Content and quality analysis of YouTube videos on therapeutic exercises for Parkinson's disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Mapping Neuroanatomical Heterogeneity of Brain Aging Within a Clinically Defined Aging Reference Cohort.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cross-disease LC-MS/MS plasma proteomics identifies reproducible shared and disease-enriched biomarker signatures in neurodegenerative disorders.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Convergent transcriptomic signature in iPSC-dopaminergic neurons of hereditary Parkinson's disease.Life science alliance · 2026Article
- DYRK1A and Parkinson's disease, facts and hypotheses.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Review
- Reactive astrocytes mediate toxicity in iPSC derived dopaminergic neurons.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Driver of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's and Huntington's Disease: Molecular Insights and Emerging Interventions.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
174 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta and intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB). During the course of disease, misfolded α-synuclein, the major constituent of LB, spreads to different regions of the brain in a prion-like fashion, giving rise to successive non-motor and motor symptoms. Etiology is likely multifactorial, and involves interplay among aging, genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. MAIN BODY: The prevalence of PD rises exponentially with age, and aging is associated with impairment of cellular pathways which increases susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to cell death. However, the majority of those over the age of 80 do not have PD, thus other factors in addition to aging are needed to cause disease. Discovery of neurotoxins which can result in parkinsonism led to efforts in identifying environmental factors which may influence PD risk. Nevertheless, the causality of most environmental factors is not conclusively established, and alternative explanations such as reverse causality and recall bias cannot be excluded. The lack of geographic clusters and conjugal cases also go against environmental toxins as a major cause of PD. Rare mutations as well as common variants in genes such as
conclusionPD is a multifactorial disorder involving interplay of aging, genetics and environmental factors. This has implications on the development of appropriate animal models of PD which take all these factors into account. Common converging pathways likely include mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are associated with the accumulation and spread of misfolded α-synuclein and neurodegeneration. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of PD may lead to potential therapeutic targets to prevent PD or modify its course.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.