ArticleEvoDevo2019
Conserved gene signalling and a derived patterning mechanism underlie the development of avian footpad scales.
Article in EvoDevo, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemical and mechanical patterning of tortoise skin scales occur in different regions of the head.iScience · 2025Article
- Organizational principles of integumentary organs: Maximizing variations for effective adaptation.Developmental biology · 2025Review
- Exacerbated sonic hedgehog signalling promotes a transition from chemical pre-patterning of chicken reticulate scales to mechanical skin folding.Open biology · 2025Article
- In vivo sonic hedgehog pathway antagonism temporarily results in ancestral proto-feather-like structures in the chicken.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- The origin and early evolution of feathers: implications, uncertainties and future prospects.Biology letters · 2025Review
- Hydrocortisone treatment as a tool to study conjunctival placode induction.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2025Article
- Article
- Cellular structure of dinosaur scales reveals retention of reptile-type skin during the evolutionary transition to feathers.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Molecular and Cellular Characterization of Avian Reticulate Scales Implies the Evo-Devo Novelty of Skin Appendages in Foot Sole.Journal of developmental biology · 2023Article
- Evo Devo of the Vertebrates Integument.Journal of developmental biology · 2023Review
- Transient agonism of the sonic hedgehog pathway triggers a permanent transition of skin appendage fate in the chicken embryo.Science advances · 2023Article
- Convergent developmental patterns underlie the repeated evolution of adhesive toe pads among lizards.Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London · 2022Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics defines keratinocyte differentiation in avian scutate scales.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- And thereby hangs a tail: morphology, developmental patterns and biomechanics of the adhesive tails of crested geckos (Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVertebrates possess a diverse range of integumentary epithelial appendages, including scales, feathers and hair. These structures share extensive early developmental homology, as they mostly originate from a conserved anatomical placode. In the context of avian epithelial appendages, feathers and scutate scales are known to develop from an anatomical placode. However, our understanding of avian reticulate (footpad) scale development remains unclear.
resultsHere, we demonstrate that reticulate scales develop from restricted circular domains of thickened epithelium, with localised conserved gene expression in both the epithelium and underlying mesenchyme. These domains constitute either anatomical placodes, or circular initiatory fields (comparable to the avian feather tract). Subsequent patterning of reticulate scales is consistent with reaction-diffusion (RD) simulation, whereby this primary domain subdivides into smaller secondary units, which produce individual scales. In contrast, the footpad scales of a squamate model (the bearded dragon,
conclusionsWidely conserved gene signalling underlies the initial development of avian reticulate scales. However, their subsequent patterning is distinct from the footpad scale patterning of a squamate model, and the feather and scutate scale patterning of birds. Therefore, we suggest reticulate scales are a comparatively derived epithelial appendage, patterned through a modified RD system.
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