ArticleCells2019
The Combination of IFN β and TNF Induces an Antiviral and Immunoregulatory Program via Non-Canonical Pathways Involving STAT2 and IRF9.
Article in Cells, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long COVID among people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.HIV medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Immunomodulating effects of herbal cough medication - in vitro screening in a TLR7- and TLR8-mediated inflammatory model.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Article
- Opposite Responses of Interferon and Proinflammatory Cytokines Induced by Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Macrophages.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An atlas of protein phosphorylation dynamics during interferon signaling.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The dichotomic role of cytokines in aging.Biogerontology · 2024Review
- Dynamic control of gene expression by ISGF3 and IRF1 during IFNβ and IFNγ signaling.The EMBO journal · 2024Article
- HIV and inflammatory markers are associated with persistent COVID-19 symptoms.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- Sustained induction of IP-10 by MRP8/14 via the IFNβ-IRF7 axis in macrophages exaggerates lung injury in endotoxemic mice.Burns & trauma · 2023Article
- Insights gained from single-cell analysis of immune cells in tofacitinib treatment of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease.JCI insight · 2022Article
- Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus nsp7 Inhibits Interferon-Induced JAK-STAT Signaling through Sequestering the Interaction between KPNA1 and STAT1.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Morphological cell profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infection identifies drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor has come of age: From a vaccine adjuvant to antiviral immunotherapy.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2021Review
- The Activated Macrophage - A Tough Fortress for Virus Invasion: How Viruses Strike Back.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Cell Biology of Viral Infections.Cells · 2020Article
- Article
- [High expression of STAT2 in ovarian cancer and its effect on metastasis of ovarian cancer cells].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) β and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) are key players in immunity against viruses. Compelling evidence has shown that the antiviral and inflammatory transcriptional response induced by IFNβ is reprogrammed by crosstalk with TNF. IFNβ mainly induces interferon-stimulated genes by the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway involving the canonical ISGF3 transcriptional complex, composed of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. The signaling pathways engaged downstream of the combination of IFNβ and TNF remain elusive, but previous observations suggested the existence of a response independent of STAT1. Here, using genome-wide transcriptional analysis by RNASeq, we observed a broad antiviral and immunoregulatory response initiated in the absence of STAT1 upon IFNβ and TNF costimulation. Additional stratification of this transcriptional response revealed that STAT2 and IRF9 mediate the expression of a wide spectrum of genes. While a subset of genes was regulated by the concerted action of STAT2 and IRF9, other gene sets were independently regulated by STAT2 or IRF9. Collectively, our data supports a model in which STAT2 and IRF9 act through non-canonical parallel pathways to regulate distinct pool of antiviral and immunoregulatory genes in conditions with elevated levels of both IFNβ and TNF.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.