ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2019
Modifiable Risk Factors Explain Socioeconomic Inequalities in Dementia Risk: Evidence from a Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic review of the association between life-course socioeconomic status and late-life cognitive decline.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Pooled it
- Machine learning applications in vascular neuroimaging for the diagnosis and prognosis of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Umbrella review and Delphi study on modifiable factors for dementia risk reduction.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Pooled it
- Multi-domain prognostic models used in middle-aged adults without known cognitive impairment for predicting subsequent dementia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Education, Occupational Complexity, and Incident Dementia: A COSMIC Collaborative Cohort Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2022Pooled it
- Quantifying dementia prevention potential in the FINGER randomized controlled trial using the LIBRA prevention index.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2021Trial
- What Increases the Likelihood of Dementia Among Asian Americans? Analysis of Nativity and Life Course Factors.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Article
- [Modifiable risk and protective factors for dementia: an overview of established and emerging evidence].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2026Review
- Assessing the Mediating Roles of Global Sensory Impairment, Social Isolation, and Loneliness in the Association Between Education and Cognitive Function.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- A Multidomain Model for Dementia Classification using Harmonized LASI and LASI-DAD Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Identifying individuals at risk of cognitive decline: cross-sectional analysis of variability in neuropsychological test scores among community-dwelling older adults.BMC public health · 2026Article
- UK dementia prevention policies and initiatives across the life-course: a scoping review (2009-2024).BMC public health · 2026Article
- The impact of socioeconomic status and lifestyle on cognitive aging and brain health: results from the LIFE-Adult-Study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic differences in dementia risk, lifestyle, and relevant determinants of behavior.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- The Nottingham consensus on dementia risk reduction policy: recommendations from a modified Delphi process.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Exploring the views of key stakeholders on dementia risk prediction in primary care in areas of socioeconomic deprivation: a qualitative study.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a public awareness campaign for dementia risk reduction in the Netherlands: a mixed methods study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Lower birth rate, greater female dementia risk: global and regional patterns and public health implications.Future science OA · 2025Article
- Activity Engagement Across Stages of Cognitive Health.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDifferences in dementia risk across the gradient of socioeconomic status (SES) exist, but their determinants are not well understood.
objectiveThis study investigates whether health conditions and lifestyle-related risk factors explain the SES inequalities in dementia risk.
methods6,346 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing were followed up from 2008/2009 until 2014/2015. We used Cox regression adjusted for age, gender, wealth/education, and clustering at the household level to examine the association between SES markers (wealth, education) and time to dementia in a structural equation model including potential mediation or effect modification by a weighted compound score of twelve modifiable risk and protective factors for dementia ('LIfestyle for BRAin health' (LIBRA) score).
resultsDuring a median follow-up of 6 years, 192 individuals (3.0%) developed dementia. LIBRA scores decreased with increasing wealth and higher educational level. A one-point increase in the LIBRA score was associated with a 13% increase in dementia risk (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.19). Higher wealth was associated with a decreased dementia risk (HR = 0.58, 0.39-0.85). Mediation analysis showed that 52% of the risk difference between the highest and lowest wealth tertile was mediated by differences in LIBRA (indirect effect: HR = 0.75, 0.66-0.85). Education was not directly associated with dementia (HR = 1.05, 0.69-1.59), but was a distal risk factor for dementia by explaining differences in wealth and LIBRA scores (indirect effect high education: HR = 0.92, 0.88-0.95).
conclusionSocioeconomic differences in dementia risk can be partly explained by differences in modifiable health conditions and lifestyle factors.
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