ReviewRoyal Society open science2019
Early animal evolution: a morphologist's view.
Review in Royal Society open science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Branched-chain amino acid assimilation enables mixotrophy of ammonia-oxidizing archaeal sponge symbionts.Science advances · 2026Article
- Article
- The architecture of sponge choanocyte chambers is well adapted to mechanical pumping functions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Article
- Tolerance of Placozoa for temperate climates: Evidence for known and new placozoan clades in the southern waters of Australia.PloS one · 2025Article
- Discovery of influenza-like virus clades in invertebrates and the evolutionary history and host-shifting events of Orthomyxoviridae in metazoans.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- The origin and evolution of Wnt signalling.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2024Review
- Ocean to Tree: Leveraging Single-Molecule RNA-Seq to Repair Genome Gene Models and Improve Phylogenomic Analysis of Gene and Species Evolution.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Analysis and Visualization of Single-Cell Sequencing Data with Scanpy and MetaCell: A Tutorial.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Gene Expression Patterns in the Ctenophore Pleurobrachia bachei: In Situ Hybridization.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Illustrated Neuroanatomy of Ctenophores: Immunohistochemistry.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Incongruence in the phylogenomics era.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2023Review
- Antioxidant enzymes that target hydrogen peroxide are conserved across the animal kingdom, from sponges to mammals.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The origin of human epithelial tissue.Histology and histopathology · 2023Review
- Improving Orthologous Signal and Model Fit in Datasets Addressing the Root of the Animal Phylogeny.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- On the origin of the functional versatility of macrophages.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Distribution and diversity of ROS-generating enzymes across the animal kingdom, with a focus on sponges (Porifera).BMC biology · 2022Article
- Alternative neural systems: What is a neuron? (Ctenophores, sponges and placozoans).Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Placozoan fiber cells: mediators of innate immunity and participants in wound healing.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Two hypotheses for the early radiation of the metazoans are vividly discussed in recent phylogenomic studies, the 'Porifera-first' hypothesis, which places the poriferans as the sister group of all other metazoans, and the 'Ctenophora-first' hypothesis, which places the ctenophores as the sister group to all other metazoans. It has been suggested that an analysis of morphological characters (including specific molecules) could throw additional light on the controversy, and this is the aim of this paper. Both hypotheses imply independent evolution of nervous systems in Planulozoa and Ctenophora. The Porifera-first hypothesis implies no homoplasies or losses of major characters. The Ctenophora-first hypothesis shows no important synapomorphies of Porifera, Planulozoa and Placozoa. It implies either independent evolution, in Planulozoa and Ctenophora, of a new digestive system with a gut with extracellular digestion, which enables feeding on larger organisms, or the subsequent loss of this new gut in the Poriferans (and the re-evolution of the collar complex). The major losses implied in the Ctenophora-first theory show absolutely no adaptational advantages. Thus, morphology gives very strong support for the Porifera-first hypothesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.