Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31415656›Full record

SynthesisPloS one2019

Seasonality of antimicrobial resistance rates in respiratory bacteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Evelyn Pamela Martinez, Magda Cepeda, Marija Jovanoska, Wichor M Bramer, Josje Schoufour, Marija Glisic, Annelies Verbon, Oscar H Franco

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
In one paragraph

Synthesis in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
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  5. Observational
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  7. Article
  8. Highly resistant Salmonella Heidelberg circulating in broiler farms in southern Brazil.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025
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  9. Monitoring Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater: Findings from Three Treatment Plants in Sicily, Italy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
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  18. Longitudinal Study of the Drug Resistance inInfection and drug resistance · 2021
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Evelyn Pamela MartinezFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.ORCID 0000-0003-2668-4845
Magda CepedaDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marija JovanoskaMedical Faculty, Saints Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia.
Wichor M BramerMedical Library, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Josje SchoufourDepartment of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marija GlisicLeibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany.
Annelies VerbonDepartment of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Oscar H FrancoInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-4606-4929

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates may display seasonal variation. However, it is not clear whether this seasonality is influenced by the seasonal variation of infectious diseases, geographical region or differences in antibiotic prescription patterns. Therefore, we assessed the seasonality of AMR rates in respiratory bacteria.

methodsSeven electronic databases (Embase.com, Medline Ovid, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, Core Collection, Biosis Ovid, and Google Scholar), were searched for relevant studies from inception to Jun 25th, 2019. Studies describing resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were included in this review. By using random-effects meta-analysis, pooled odd ratios of seasonal AMR rates were calculated using winter as the reference group. Pooled odd ratios were obtained by antibiotic class and geographical region.

resultsWe included 13 studies, of which 7 were meta-analyzed. Few studies were done in H. influenzae, thus this was not quantitively analyzed. AMR rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillins were lower in other seasons than in winter with pooled OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.65-0.77; I2 = 0.0%, and to all antibiotics with pooled OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.60-0.76; I2 = 14.4%. Irrespective of geographical region, the seasonality of AMR rates in S. pneumoniae remained the same.

conclusionThe seasonality of AMR rates could result from the seasonality of infectious diseases and its accompanied antibiotic use.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, BacterialHaemophilus InfectionsHaemophilus influenzaePneumonia, PneumococcalSeasonsStreptococcus pneumoniaeAnti-Bacterial AgentsHumansRespiratory SystemAnti-Bacterial Agents

Identifiers

PMID31415656
PMCPMC6695168

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.