SynthesisPLoS neglected tropical diseases2019
Systematic review on antigens for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, with a focus on East Africa.
Synthesis in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of DNA Aptamers AgainstPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Recombinant Leishmania-activated C kinase as a novel antigenic candidate for immuno-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis occurring in India and Brazil.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- The potential ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Presence of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in sheep (Ovis aries) in Spain.Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
- Immunogenic mapping of rDyn-1 and rKDDR-plus proteins and selection of oligopeptides by immunoblotting for the diagnosis of Leishmania infantum-infected dogs.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Silver(I) and Copper(II) 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione Complexes as Promising Antivirulence Strategy againstTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Recombinant protein KR95 as an alternative for serological diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas.PloS one · 2023Article
- Acute kidney injury as initial presentation of visceral leishmaniasis in a young patient- A case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
- Revealing a Novel Antigen Repressor of Differentiation Kinase 2 for Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in India.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Identification of asymptomatic Leishmania infections: a scoping review.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Evidence map of diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, prevention, and control in visceral leishmaniasis.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2022Review
- The increased presence of repetitive motifs in the KDDR-plus recombinant protein, a kinesin-derived antigen from Leishmania infantum, improves the diagnostic performance of serological tests for human and canine visceral leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Revisiting the heterogeneous global genomic population structure ofMicrobial genomics · 2021Article
- Development and Clinical Evaluation of Serum and Urine-Based Lateral Flow Tests for Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Plant Expression of Hydrophobin Fused K39 Antigen for Visceral Leishmaniasis Immunodiagnosis.Frontiers in plant science · 2021Article
- Investigation of the antigenicity and protective efficacy of Leishmania promastigote membrane antigens in search of potential diagnostic and vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAccurate and accessible diagnosis is key for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Yet, current diagnostic tests for VL have severe limitations: they are invasive or not suitable as point of care (POC) test or their performance is suboptimal in East Africa. We analysed the antigens in the VL serodiagnostics development pipeline to identify shortcomings and to propose strategies in the development of an alternative POC test for VL in East Africa.
objectivesThe objective of this study was to identify and to analyse all antigens for VL serodiagnosis that have been published before 2018 in order to identify candidates and gaps in the pipeline for a new POC test in East Africa.
methodsA systematic literature search was performed on PubMed for original research articles on Leishmania-specific antigens for antibody detection of VL in humans. From each article, the following information was extracted: the antigen name, test format and characteristics, its reported sensitivity and specificity and study cohort specifications.
resultsOne hundred and seven articles containing information about 96 tests based on 89 different antigens were included in this study. Eighty six of these tests, comprising 80 antigens, were evaluated in phase I and II studies only. Only 20 antigens, all of which are native, contain a carbohydrate and/or lipid moiety. Twenty-four antigens, of which 7 are non-native, are composed of antigen mixtures. Nineteen tests, comprising 18 antigens, have been evaluated on East African specimens, of which only 2 (rK28 based immunochromatographic test and intact promastigote based indirect fluorescent antibody technique) consistently showed sensitivities above 94 and specificities above 97% in a phase III study and one in a phase II study (dot blot with SLA). Only rK28 is a non-native mixture of antigens which we consider suitable for further evaluation and implementation.
conclusionsThe development pipeline for an alternative serodiagnostic test for VL is almost empty. Most antigens are not sufficiently evaluated. Non-protein antigens and antigen mixtures are being neglected. We propose to expand the evaluation of existing antigen candidates and to investigate the diagnostic potential of defined non-native carbohydrate and lipid antigens for VL serodiagnosis in East Africa.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.