ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2019
Endogenous Circadian Regulation of Female Reproductive Hormones.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biological rhythms in premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a systematic review.BMC women's health · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of BRACTS exercises on muscular strength in eumenorrheic women.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Circadian clock disruption impairs immune oscillation in chronic endogenous hypercortisolism: a multi-level analysis from a multicentre clinical trial.EBioMedicine · 2024Trial
- Sex and Gender Differences in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep During Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review.European journal of sport science · 2026Review
- Shift Work as a Potential Risk Factor for Lower Ovarian Reserve: A Study of Fertility Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Research progress and future directions in circadian rhythms for uterine‑related diseases (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Association of sleep duration and quality with age at natural menopause: results from NHANES 2005-2018.BMC women's health · 2026Observational
- A novel transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation electrode configuration for treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding: an open-label trial.Bioelectronic medicine · 2026Article
- Glial cytokine modulation improves sleep and circadian disruption in female SAA knock-in mice of Alzheimer's-related pathology.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Optimizing oral contraceptive timing: Daytime intake reduces doses and enhances efficacy.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Night-restricted feeding preserves the ovarian circadian rhythm of IL-17 and promotes follicular development in prepubertal and pubertal rabbits.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Article
- Article
- Absolute quantification of TCA cycle intermediates in mouse ocular tissues reveals distinct tissue- and sex-specific mitochondrial metabolism.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The Chronobiology of Hormone Administration: "Doctor, What Time Should I Take My Medication?"Endocrine reviews · 2025Review
- The intersection of circadian rhythms and the blood-brain barrier with drug efficacy and delivery in neurological disorders.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
- Steroid hormone biosynthesis and dietary related metabolites associated with excessive daytime sleepiness.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Salivary/Serum Progesterone Ratio Differs Between Menstrual Cycle Phases but Not Between Populations: Implications for Health, Reproductive, and Behavioral Research.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Effects of Early Midlife Ovarian Removal on Medial Temporal Lobe Gray Matter Volume and Recognition Memory.Hippocampus · 2025Article
- Circadian Alignment, Cardiometabolic Disease, and Sex-Specific Differences in Adults With Overweight/Obesity.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextStudies suggest that female reproductive hormones are under circadian regulation, although methodological differences have led to inconsistent findings.
objectiveTo determine whether circulating levels of reproductive hormones exhibit circadian rhythms.
designBlood samples were collected across ∼90 consecutive hours, including 2 baseline days under a standard sleep-wake schedule and ∼50 hours of extended wake under constant routine (CR) conditions.
settingIntensive Physiological Monitoring Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital.
participantsSeventeen healthy premenopausal women (22.8 ± 2.6 years; nine follicular; eight luteal).
interventionsFifty-hour CR.
main outcome measuresPlasma estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), LH, FSH, SHBG, melatonin, and core body temperature.
resultsAll hormones exhibited significant 24-hour rhythms under both standard sleep-wake and CR conditions during the follicular phase (P < 0.05). In contrast, only FSH and SHBG were significantly rhythmic during the luteal phase. Rhythm acrophases and amplitudes were similar between standard sleep-wake and CR conditions. The acrophase occurred in the morning for P4; in the afternoon for FSH, LH, and SHBG; and during the night for E2.
conclusionsOur results confirm previous reports of ∼24-hour rhythms in many female reproductive hormones in humans under ambulatory conditions but demonstrate that these hormones are under endogenous circadian regulation, defined as persisting in the absence of external time cues. These results may have important implications for the effects of circadian disruption on reproductive function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.