Observational studyAmerican journal of hypertension2019
Association of Rising Violent Crime With Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk: Longitudinal Evidence From Chicago, 2014-2016.
Observational study in American journal of hypertension, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neighborhood Safety and Hypertension Risk: A Systematic Review.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Pooled it
- The association between levels of GPS-tracked activity space violent crime and the relationship between cortisol and a biomarker of inflammation amongst Black and White adolescents.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- No Place Like Home? Local Crime and Older Adults' Time at Home.Social problems · 2026Article
- Violence Exposure Relates Differently to Blood Pressure and Emotional Health as a Function of Cannabis Use Among Street-Identified Black Americans.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular Death and Access to Health Care Among Individuals Incarcerated in US State Prisons From 2001 to 2019.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Moderating Effects of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit on Associations Between Race and Elevated Blood Pressure in Chicago.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Exposure to Crime at Food Stores: Implications for Nutrition and Health among Black Americans.Journal of community health · 2025Article
- Closing the Gap: Digital Innovations to Address Hypertension Disparities.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- What is the role of leisure-time physical activity in the association between neighborhood environmental characteristics and hypertension in older adults? The EpiFloripa Aging Cohort study.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Associations between dimensions of the social environment and cardiometabolic risk factors: Systematic review and meta-analysis.SSM - population health · 2024Review
- Elevations in Blood Pressure Associated with Exposure to Violence are Mitigated by Pro-gun-Carrying Attitudes among Street-Identified Black Males and Females.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Longitudinal profiles of neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability influence blood pressure changes across the female midlife period.Health & place · 2023Article
- The COVID-19, racism, and violence syndemic: Evidence from a qualitative study with Black residents of Chicago.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2023Article
- Influence of neighborhood-level social determinants of health on a heart-healthy lifestyle among Black church members: A mixed-methods study.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2023Article
- Effect of Social Environments on Cardiovascular Disease in the United States.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Article
- Association Between Community-Level Violent Crime and Cardiovascular Mortality in Chicago: A Longitudinal Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Article
- Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease.Circulation research · 2022Review
- Article
- Association Between Acute Exposure to Crime and Individual Systolic Blood Pressure.American journal of preventive medicine · 2022Observational
- Longitudinal Trajectories and Factors Associated With US County-Level Cardiovascular Mortality, 1980 to 2014.JAMA network open · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between rising violent crime and elevated blood pressure (BP).
methodsWe analyzed 217,816 BP measurements from 17,783 adults during a temporal surge in violent crime in Chicago (2014-2016). Serial observations were abstracted from the electronic health record at an academic medical center and paired to the City of Chicago Police Data Portal. The violent crime rate (VCR) was calculated as the number of violent crimes per 1,000 population per year for each census tract. Longitudinal multilevel regression models were implemented to assess elevated BP (systolic BP ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg) as a function of the VCR, adjusting for patient characteristics, neighborhood characteristics, and time effects. Secondary dependent measures included elevated heart rate, obesity, missed outpatient appointments, all-cause hospital admissions, and cardiovascular hospital admissions.
resultsAt baseline, the median VCR was 41.3 (interquartile range: 15.2-66.8), with a maximum rise in VCR of 59.1 over the 3-year surge period. A 20-unit rise in the VCR was associated with 3% higher adjusted odds of having elevated BP (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.06), 8% higher adjusted odds of missing an outpatient appointment (95% CI: 1.03-1.13), and 6% higher adjusted odds of having a cardiovascular-related hospital admission (95% CI: 1.01-1.12); associations were not significant for elevated heart rate and obesity.
conclusionRising violent crime was associated with increased BP during a temporal crime surge.
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